摘要
心灵和认知中的内在主义与外在主义之争是心灵哲学和认知科学中的重要论题之一。内在主义认为,心灵与认知不仅不涉及任何外在环境,还独立于任何外在环境。心灵与认知的内容都在大脑内。相反,以亨利·普特南以及泰勒·伯吉等人为代表的外在主义则将心灵与世界放在意义和社会因素的因果联系中来考虑,对内在主义发起了挑战。但是,这种外在主义只强调了意义和内容不在大脑中,并没有足够认识到外在环境在认知过程中的"构成性"地位。同时,这些理论将心灵限制在个体的大脑和体肤之内,大脑内的资源仍然扮演了最为重要的角色,而外部环境对心理状态的影响则只是无足轻重的消极影响。于是,1998年,安迪·克拉克和戴维·查尔默斯在《延展心灵》一文中提出了一个极富争议的论题——"延展心灵论题"。这个论题随即引发了认知科学界、心灵哲学界关于认知和心灵本质的激烈讨论,从而把心灵和认知的内在主义和外在主义之间的争论推向了认知颅内主义和积极的外在主义之争这样一个新阶段。在这个新阶段中,争论主要围绕关于同等性论证与差异性论证之争、关于耦合—构成论证之争、关于认知与非认知的标准问题之争和关于认知膨胀问题之争等问题展开。从本质上讲,这些争论是有关心灵和认知的边界问题讨论的延续,是认知革命对认知、心灵和智能等问题迷恋的延续。"延展心灵论题"为解开心灵和认知之谜这一"世界之结"提供了一种积极的方案,这对于重新思考心、身与世界关系,对于揭开心灵和认知的机制提供了一些新的视角、方向,具有深刻的哲学意蕴和认识论意义。当然,认知与心灵中的积极的外在主义与认知颅内主义的论战同时反映出了延展心灵论题在理论建构、核心论证上存在难以自圆其说的不足,本身还存在深层的认识论误区。
The controversy between internalism and externalism in mind and cognition is one of the important topics in mind philosophy and cognitive science. The internalism holds that mind and cognition are independent of external environment, and their contents are in the brain, on the contrary, the externalism represented by Henry Putnam and Tyler Burge etc. studies mind and world in the causal relations of sense and social factors, posing a challenge to internalism. The externalism, however, only emphasizes that sense and content are not in the brain without realizing the ＂constructive＂ role of the external environment in the process of cognition. Meanwhile, these theories limit mind within an individual＇ s brain and skin and attach importance to the resources in the brain. According to them, the external environment exerts insignificant and negative impact on mentality. Then, in 1998, Andy Clark and David Chalmers proposed a controversial topic, ＂the thesis of the extended mind＂, in extended mind. The topic immediately triggered a fierce debate about the nature of cognition and mind in the field of cognitive science and mind philosophy, which made the debate between the internalism and the externalism of mind and cognition turn into that between cognitive intracranialism and positive externalism. The new debate revolves around the problems of equality and diversity, the argument of coupling-constitution, the standard of cognition and non-cognition, and cognitive expansion and so on. In essence, the new debate is the extension of the discussion about the boundary problem of mind and cognition, and it is a cognitive revolution in terms of cognition, mind and intelligence. ＂The thesis of the extended mind＂ provides a positive approach to solving the ＂world puzzle＂, the mystery of mind and cognition, which has profound philosophical and epistemological significance for providing a new perspective to reconsider the interrelations of mind, body and the world and to uncover the mechanism of mind and cognition. Of course, the controversy between positive externalism and cognitive intracranialism in cognition and mind also reflects that there are deficiencies in theory construction and core in the thesis of extended mind, and there are still some epistemological misunderstandings.
出处
《南京林业大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
2015年第2期68-76,共9页
Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)
基金
2011年度教育部人文社会科学研究基金项目"当代哲学-认知科学视域中的认知表征问题研究"(11YJA720036)
河南省高等学校哲学社会科学创新团队(2012-CXTD-09)
