摘要
大多数鹿科动物表现出偏向雄性的扩散行为。麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)于20世纪初在中国灭绝,1985年被重引入中国。1998年长江流域特大洪水导致部分麋鹿个体从湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区围栏内外逸,最终在洞庭湖区形成自然野化种群。野化麋鹿是否也存在偏性扩散行为?1995—2012年,采用样带调查法、分区直数法、特殊个体识别法和访问调查法,按性别组成将扩散群分为雄性群、混合群和雌性群,对洞庭湖区自然野化麋鹿种群的扩散行为进行了研究,共记录到118次扩散。其中,有65次扩散可确认扩散群的类型;60次可确认扩散群准确的个体数。结果显示:(1)雄性麋鹿较雌性更倾向于扩散。雄性群的扩散频次高于雌性群和混合群;50%的雄性扩散群仅由单一成年雄体组成。(2)雄性麋鹿的扩散能力最强,雄性群、混合群和雌性群的平均扩散距离分别为(13.73±8.74)km、(11.05±4.16)km和(8.95±2.16)km,但三者之间的差异不显著(χ2=1.896,df=2,P=0.387)。雌性群和混合群的扩散距离均短于25km,而5.88%的雄性群扩散距离长于25 km。(3)雄性群的平均个体数与混合群的差异显著(F=5.324,df=24,P=0.00<0.05),与雌性群的差异不显著(F=9.830,df=35,P=0.813),而混合群与雌性群之间的差异显著(F=48.085,df=55,P=0.00<0.05)。(4)50.00%的雄性群和53.57%的混合群选择芦苇草地作为扩散目的地的生境。洞庭湖区自然野化麋鹿种群与其他野生鹿科动物一样,也存在"雄鹿较雌鹿更倾向于扩散"的现象,雄性的扩散能力比雌性强,雌性的扩散可能依赖于雄性。以上结果对麋鹿的野外放归和自然野化种群的管理与保护具有重要的意义。
Most male cervids are more prone to dispersal, and disperse over greater distances than that covered by females. Milu （Père David＇s deer, Elaphurus davidianus） is a large cervid, endemic to China; it was extinct in the wild in the early 20th century, and was reintroduced to China in 1985. Several dozen Milu escaped from the fenced area of the Hubei Shishou Milu National Nature Reserve during the heavy flood of the Yangtze River in 1998, and formed naturally re-wild Milu populations in the Dongting Lake Region. It was unknown whether the re-wild male Milu are also prone to dispersal. We investigated the dispersal behavior of the naturally re-wild Milu in the Dongting Lake Region, China by monitoring populations from 1995 to 2012. Dispersal groups of Milu are classified as male, female, or mixed groups. We recorded 118 dispersal events, of which 26 were mixed groups, three were female groups, and six were male groups. For the recorded groups, we possessed accurate age structure and sex ratio records for 60 groups （23 mixed groups, 3 female groups, and 34 male groups）. The results showed that dispersal frequency was higher in the male groups than in the female groups or the mixed groups. Fifty percent of the male dispersing groups contained a single, solitary stag. Dispersal distances in the male, female, and mixed groups were （13.73±8.74） km, （8.95±2.16） km, and （11.05±4.16） km, respectively. However, the three types of groups did not differ significantly in dispersal distances （χ2 = 1.896, df= 2, P = 0.387）. The dispersal distances of the female groups were 〈 15 km, but 89.28% of dispersals by mixed groups and 5.88% by male groups were 〉25 km. The three types of dispersal groups also differed in size. Mixed groups contained 26.39±15.97 individuals; female groups contained （2.33±1.15）, and the male groups contained （2.74±2.86） individuals. The mixed groups were significantly larger than the female or the male groups （female： F = 48.085, df= 55, P 〈 0.05; male： F = 5.324, df= 24, P = 0.00 〈 0.05）, but the male and female groups did not differ significantly in size （F = 9.830, df= 35, P = 0.813）. The male groups showed three dispersal peaks, in March, June, and November each year; the mixed groups showed four dispersal peaks, in January, March, July, and November; the female groups showed two dispersal peaks, in March and November. In conclusion, the male Milu is more prone to dispersal than the female. The dispersal ability of males is stronger than that of females, which may rely on males to disperse. The findings shed light on the management of naturally re-wild Milu populations.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2015年第13期4416-4424,共9页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
国家自然科学基金(31071946
31472021)
关键词
麋鹿
扩散行为
扩散距离
自然野化种群
物种重引入
灭绝物种重建
Elaphurus davidianus
dispersal behavior
dispersal distance
naturally re-wild population
reintroduction
restoration of extinct species
