摘要
世界水稻总面积1.45亿亩,总产量4.68亿吨,其中亚洲分别占89.6%及91.6%。水稻耕制可分为双季稻(二熟或三熟)及单季稻(一熟或二熟)两种。随着植稻面积扩大及耕制改变,水稻耕制中的土水管理问题日趋突出,其中主要表现为土壤物理性质改善,水分的合理灌溉及土壤养分协调三个方面。水稻耕种中,存在耕层粘闭与犁底层渗漏两大问题,解决途径在于推行水稻少耕、免耕、水旱轮作及增施粗有机质。稻田水分管理在灌溉方面的经验是,按土壤条件与水稻需水特点,采用浅、深、润、晒等不同方法;在排水方面,按中国的经验,采用暗管与鼠穴排水效果甚好。土壤养分供应与化肥施用水平是影响水稻高产的重要因素,其中首要的是氮素,其次是磷,而钾素缺乏也有增加趋势。防止氮肥损失及提高氮素利用率,是国际关注的问题。从当前已有的经验看,在水稻氮肥剂型,穴施大粒氮肥,分次与排干施用尿素,氮肥添加生物活动性抑制剂及长效氮肥等利用方面,均取得不少效果。当前,有机肥及有机废弃物的利用与磷、钾肥、微肥等的配合施用,也是解决水稻合理施肥的重要途径。总之,水稻耕制中土水管理体系是个复杂问题,它不仅受耕作制度、土壤条件,而且受生产及管理水平的影响。其中不少问题尚有待今后进一步研究解决。
The world has a total rice-growing area of 9.7 million hectares and a total rice production of 468 million tons, of which Asia constitutes 89.6% and 91.6% respectively. In rice production, there are mainly two cropping systems, i.e., double-cropping rice system (2 or 3 crops a year) and single-cropping rice system (1 or 2 crops a year). With expansion, of the rice growing area and changing of the cropping system, the problem of soil and water management in the rice-cropping system is becoming more and more prominent which is chiefly reflected m the following 3 aspects: improvement of soil physical propertices, rationalizatiou of irrigation and drainage, and coordination of soil nutrients. In rice cultivation, the puddling of cultivated layer and the percolating of plough pan are 2 major problems, to which solutions lie in the adoption of minimum tillage, non-tillage, paddy-upland crop rotation and application of coarser organic manures. In the water management and irrigation of paddy fields, different irrigation methods such as shallow irrgation, deep irrigation, moisting irrigation and sunning are adopted, in light of the soil conditions and water requirement of rice.In the aspect of drainage, China's experience proves that underground pipes and mole holes can be used for drainage with good efficiency. Soil nutrient supply and fertilizer application rate are important factors affecting high yield of rice. Nitrogen is the paramount element and then comes phosphorus. The problem of potassium deficiency tends to be more serious. Reducing N loss and increasing N utilization rate are topics of international attention. Reviewing of the experience so far obtained reveals that in rice cultivation, new forms of nitroge fertilizer, pit application of larger-granular N fertilizer, split application, applying urea in paddy fields after drainage, using biological activity inhibitors in application of N fertilizer and long-lasting N fertilizer all have some effect. Recently, organic manures and organic wastes are used in combination with P, K and trace-element fertilizers, which is also an important approach to rational fertilization in rice cultivation.In general, soil and water management system in rice cultivation is a very complicated issue which is subject not only to the influence of cropping systems and soil Conditions but also to that of probuction and management levels~ However, a lot of problems remain to be further studied by scientists of related disciplines.
出处
《土壤学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
1991年第3期249-259,共11页
Acta Pedologica Sinica
