摘要
迄今20年来,Pyrodinium bahamense(var.compressum)一直是造成东南亚地区重大公众健康问题和经济问题的唯一的腰鞭毛虫物种。它产生石房蛤毒素,即一系列造成麻痹性贝毒(PSP)的毒素。这是一个影响世界上许多国家的严重的毒理学问题,轻者,会在30分钟内发生中毒现象,重者,可能在食用中毒贝类后的2～24小时内由于呼吸系统麻痹而致死。在马来西亚、文莱、菲律宾以及印度尼西亚均有关于这种生物大量繁殖的报道。自1976年首次在马来西亚沙巴发生以来,东盟-加拿大赤潮网已在26个地区记录到31次该种生物大量繁殖事件。截止1999年,受影响最严重的国家是菲律宾、其受影响的地区最多、发生麻痹性贝毒(PSP)事件最多(约1995起)。马来西亚报道总共发生609起PSP事件,造成44人死亡,而文莱则记录有14起PSP事件,但没有死亡事故。印度尼西亚则记录有427起PSP事件,17人死亡。在该地区迄今没有开展关于这些大量繁殖事件对生态/环境的影响的研究。对经济影响的估算表明,损失可高达每天30万美元。有助于了解Pyrodinium大量繁殖动态的大部分信息来自于已经在受到影响的地区各国不同程度地开展的有害/有毒藻类监测与研究。区域性的合作研究与监测工作可有助于协调当地的数据集并保证其用于比较分析和模拟所要求的质量和有效性。对地方和区域尺度上大量繁殖的时间模型以及Pyrodinium大量繁殖发生/再发生和扩散的可能征兆和趋势可以进行调查。可以通过改进和优化现有的Pyrodinium大量繁殖描述性和简单的预报模型,来帮助管理这里的人民赖以为日常食物来源和生计的野生捕捞和人工养殖的贝类。
Pyrodinium bahamense (var. compressum) has been the only dinoflagellate species that has caused major public health and economic problems in the Southeast Asian region for more than 2 decades now. It produces saxitoxin, a suite of toxins that cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). A serious toxicological problem affecting many countries of the world, mild cases of this poisoning can occur within 30 minutes while in extreme cases, death through respiratory paralysis may occur within 2-24 hrs of ingestion of intoxicated shellfish. Blooms of the organism have been reported in Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines and Indonesia. The ASEAN-Canada Red Tide Network has recorded 31 blooms of the organism in 26 areas since 1976 when it first occurred in Sabah, Malaysia. As of 1999, the most hard hit country has been the Philippines which has the greatest number of areas affected (18) and highest number of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) cases (about 1995). Malaysia has reported a total of 609 PSP cases and 44 deaths while Brunei has recorded 14 PSP cases and no fatalities. Indonesia, on the other hand has a record of 427 PSP cases and 17 deaths. Studies on ecological/environmental impacts of these blooms have not been done in the region. Estimates of economic impacts have shown that the loss could be up to USD 300 000 day-1. Most of the data and information useful for understanding Pyrodinium bloom dynamics have come from harmful/toxic algal monitoring and research that have developed to different degrees in the various countries in the region affected by the organism's bloom. Regional collaborative research and monitoring efforts can help harmonize local data sets and ensure their quality and availability for comparative analysis and modeling. Temporal patterns of the blooms at local and regional scales and possible signals and trends in the occurrence/ recurrence and spread of Pyrodinium blooms could be investigated. Existing descriptive and simple predictive models of Pyrodinium blooms can be improved and refined to help in the management of the wild harvest and aquaculture of shellfish in a region where the people are dependent on these resources for their daily food sustainance and livelihood.
