摘要
生态系统为人类提供了自然资源和生存环境两个方面的多种服务功能。生态系统服务功能是人类生存和发展的基础。同时 ,一个生态系统只有保持了结构和功能的完整性 ,并具有抵抗干扰和恢复能力 ,才能长期为人类社会提供服务。因此 ,生态系统健康是人类社会可持续发展的根本保证。生态系统健康是指一个生态系统所具有的稳定性和可持续性 ,即在时间上具有维持其组织结构、自我调节和对胁迫的恢复能力。它可以通过活力、组织结构和恢复力等 3个特征进行定义。影响生态系统健康的原因有很多 ,多为人类活动所致。例如 ,污染物排放、非点源污染、过度捕捞、围湖造田、水土流失、外来种入侵和水资源不合理利用等是影响水生态系统健康的主要原因。评价生态系统健康需要基于功能过程来确定指标 ,特别是评价其受干扰后的恢复能力。包括其完整性、适应性和效率。生态系统健康评价方法尚处于实验和发展阶段 ,有必要对现有成果进行及时总结 ,提出方向 ,以促进生态系统健康研究的发展。生态系统健康评价主要包括指示物种和指标体系两种方法。在生态系统健康研究中 ,指示物种的选择应该谨慎 ,要综合考虑到它们的敏感性和可靠性 ,即要明确它们对生态系统健康指示作用的强弱。在水生态系统研究中 ,已被选择的指示物种有 ,浮?
Ecosystem supplies many services to human being on two aspects, the natural resources and living environment. Ecosystem service is the basis for the survival and development of human society. Meanwhile, an ecosystem could only supply long-term services when it kept the integrality of structure and function, and had the ability to resist disturbance and the resilience.Therefore, Ecosystem health could ensure ecosystem services, and is the prerequisite for sustainable development of human society. Ecosystem health refers to the stability and sustainability of an ecosystem. That is, the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its organization, self-adjustment, and resilience on time. It can be defined according to vigor, organization, and resilience. The many results of human activities are the main impacts to ecosystem heath. For example, sewage effluence, non-point source pollution, over-fishery, wetland cultivation, soil erosion, invasive species, irrational water use are the main reasons in aquatic ecosystems. Ecosystem health assessment needs to determine indices based on its functions and processes,especially the resilience after disturbance, which includes the integrity, adaptability and efficiency However, ecosystem health assessment is still in the process of experiment and developing. It is necessary to review the present results on time, and put forward the future directions in order topromote the development of ecosystem health assessment. Indicator taxa and indices are the two methods of ecosystem health assessment. However, it should be careful in selecting indicator taxa. The sensitivity and reliability of taxa need to be considered simultaneously, which means we should know how high or low the taxa are in indicating the ecosystem. Indicator taxa selected at present mainly include, plankton, benthic invertebrates, fishes, and the integration of organisms on different levels in aquatic ecosystems. Parameters on two aspects can be chosen in establishing the indices for ecosystem health assessment. The inner indices of ecosystem, including those in ecotoxicology, epidemiology, and ecosystem medicine, and the integration of indicators on different scales. And the outer indices of ecosystem, for example, the social and economic indices. However, the other indices are also possibly useful in ecosystem health assessment, for example, the landscape pattern, and land use change. Almost all the types of ecosystems have been assessed by now. However, ecosystem health assessment is still a new research field that disputes existed on its concept, indicator taxa and indices, which is what we should do in the future to promote the assessment. Future direction of ecosystem health assessment is to integrate economics, social science and health science with quantitative biological approaches. The aim of ecosystem health assessment is not to diagnose sickiiess, but to define an expected state of the ecosystem and the threshold to disturbance, and implement effective ecosystem management under the constrains of culture, moral, policies, laws and regulations.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2001年第12期2106-2116,共11页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
中国科学院知识创新项目 ( KZCX2 -4 0 5 )
国家重点基础研究发展规划 ( G2 0 0 0 0 4 6 80 7)项目
