2Fuster V,Ryden LE,Cannom DS,et al.ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation[J].J Am Coll Cardial,2006,48(4):149-246.
3Hagens VE,Van Gelder IC,Crijns HJ.The RACE study in perspective of randomized studies on management of persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Card Electrophysiol Rex,,2003,7(2):118-121.
4Wyse DG,Waldo AL,DiMarco JP,et al.A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].N Engl J Med,2002,347(23):1825-1833.
5Shettigar UR.Management of rapid ventricular rate in acute atrial fibrillation[J],Int J Clin Pharm Ther,1994,32(5):240-245.
6Waldo AL,Prystowsky EN.Drug treatment of atrial fibrillation in the managed care era[J].Am J Cardiol,1998,81(5A):23-29.
7Dias VC,Weir SJ,Ellenbogen KA.Pharmacokinetic and phannacodynamics of intravenous diltiazem in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter[J].Circulation,1992,86(5):1421-1428.
8Schreck DM,Rivera AR,Tricarico VJ.Emergency management of atrial fibrillation and flutter:intravenous diltiazem versus intravenous digoxin[J].Ann Emerg Med,1997,29(1):135-140.
9Wang HE,O'Connor RE,Megargel RE,et al.The use of dihiazem for treating rapid atrial fibrillation in the out-of-hospital setting[J].Ann Emerg Med,2001,37(1):38-45.
10Hassan S,Ahmad S,Kamalakannan D,et al.Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm during treatment with intravenous esmolol or dihiazen:a prospective,randomized comparison[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther,2007,12(3):227-231.
