1[1] Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Achalasia: treatment options revisited.[J]. Can J Gas troen terol， 2000 , 14(5): 406- 409
2[2] Spiess AE, Kahrilas PJ. Treating achalasia: from whalebone to laparoscope.[J]. JAMA， 1998 ,280(7): 638- 642
3[3] Raymond L, Lach B, Shamji FM. Inflamma tory aetiology of primary oesophageal achalasia: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of Auerbach's plexus.[J].Histopathology， 1999 , 35(5): 445- 453
4[4]Rinaldi R, Cortelli P, Di Simone MP,et al. Cardiovascular autonomic function in patients with primary achalasia[J]. Dig Dis Sci， 2000, 45(4): 825- 829
5[5] Birgisson S, Galinski MS, Goldblum JR ,et al. Achalasia is not associated with measles or known herpes and human papilloma viruses[J]. Dig Dis Sci， 1997 , 42(2): 300- 306
6[6]Galanakis E, Gardikis S, Vlachakis J,et al.A local cluster of achalasia in a province of Crete [J].Acta Paediatr,2000 , 89(2): 246- 247
7[7]Storr M, Allescher HD. Esophageal pharma cology and treatment of primary motility disor ders[J]. Dis Esophagus,1999,12(4):241- 257
9Howard PJ, Maher L, Pryde A, et al. Five years prospective study of the incidence, clinical features, and diagnosis of achalasia in Edinburgh[ J]. Gut, 1992,33 (8) : 1011-1015.
10Anita ES, Peter JK. Treating achalasia: From Whalebone to Laparscope[J]. JAMA,1998,280(7) :638-642.
