摘要
视角效应是指四卡问题解决中,当被试从不同的角度对条件规则进行检验时,其选择偏向会在卡片p,q和-p,q之间发生稳定变化的现象。视角效应对四卡问题的解决有重要影响,但其存在条件及发生机制仍存在争议。本研究通过3个实验,探讨四卡问题中的视角效应。实验1和实验2采用混合实验设计,结果表明,转换社会契约、因果规则的四卡问题中,发现视角效应,抽象规则中,提供反例比提供充分必要条件更有利于产生视角效应。实验3表明,四卡问题与条件推理之间不具有逻辑一致性,产生分离现象。总之,视角效应在抽象规则和特定规则中均存在,而提供反例更有利于视角效应的产生。领域一般性或领域特殊性均不能有效解释视角效应的产生,两种机制的综合调节为解释视角效应提供新的角度。
The perspective effect is a kind of phenomenon which refers to the four card selection task ; when the participants test the condition rules from different perspectives, the selection bias steadily changes in the card p, q and p, q. The perspective effect has an important impact on the four card selection task. So far, its existing conditions and mechanism remain controversial. The current study employed three experiments to investigate the effect of perspective effects on the four card selection task and its mechanism. In Experiment 1, we asked the participants to go through different four card selection tasks of the social conversion model, the causal model and the abstract model from different perspectives to explore the perspective effect. We used a 3 （ rule type ： social conver sion rule model, causal rule model, and abstract rule model） 2 （ perspective ： p ＆ q condition, p ＆ q condition） repeated measures design. The p ＆ q condition makes the participants more inclined to choose p ＆ q combination of experimental condi tions. The p ＆ q condition is similar to this. In Experiment 2, we used the same design as Experimentl to explore which condition was easier to generate the abstract hales of the perspective effect when providing counter examples and the necessary and sufficient con ditions with rich contents of the abstract rules. Experiment 3 further studied the essential relationship between the four card selection task and the corresponding conditional reasoning. In conditions reasoning, we use a 2 （perspective） 2 （ rule type） 4 （ reasoning form） mixed design. Perspectives between the variables were tested with two levels （ p ＆ q conditions ; p ＆ q conditions）. There were two levels of rule types which is the conversion of social contractual and non contractual society. Each rule type has four forms of reasoning, namely modus ponens, affirming the consequent, modus tottens, and denying the antecedent. Rule types and reasoning forms were within subject variables. The Four card selection task had the same design as Experiment 2. The results showed that： （ 1 ） the results of Experiment 1 showed that the perspective effect did exist in the social contract model and causal model,but did not exist in the abstract model. （2） A rich supply of counter examples were more conducive to generating the perspective effect. （3） There was a separation phenomenon between the four card selection task and conditional reasoning prob lems. Between the four card problem and the corresponding conditional reasoning, there was no logical consistency.
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2014年第1期34-39,共6页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
国家自然基金(31070918)
广州市哲学社会科学规划(2012YB22)
广州大学广州人心理与行为研究中心的资助
关键词
四卡问题
视角效应
条件推理
领域一般性
领域特殊性
four- card selection task, conditional reasoning, perspective effect, domain general, domain specific
