摘要
空间转向是目前社会学研究的前沿和热点问题。郎木寺镇是甘南州最主要的旅游目的地之一。郎木寺镇的整体空间序列, 依山就势, 形成三重空间, 即“神性的佛教寺院空间”、“静谧的传统民居空间”和“喧嚣的商业空间”。旅游资源的开发和旅游活动的介入, 打破了传统社区演替的滞缓性, 引起空间结构转向。这种转向不仅体现在外部空间形态上, 更表现在内部结构上。在多元文化和多种利益的群体性渗透、参与中, 三重空间开始了剧烈的入侵与演替。在旺盛的旅游需求推动下, 寺院空间的纯净性遭到浊化, 神圣性、主导性“塌缩”, 开始向世俗化转向, 并衍生出与旅游活动密切相关的非宗教性功能, 其空间表现出封闭中的开放性, 并不断向商业空间入侵。民居空间则打破原有的私密性, 发生了功能和样式变化, 由单一的居住功能转向为居住—旅游服务复合功能。典型藏式踏板房转向为普通的平房, 民族性和地域性特色消退, 室内宗教设施明显减少, 在外部空间上表现出竞争格局下的收缩与调适。居民行为从传统的游牧经济向多种经营转型, 而浓郁的宗教信仰热情减弱, 宗教活动减少。商业空间不断向居住空间侵入, 由初期的商住一体化空间向均质性商业街区转向, 并促生了多元化的商业业态, 成为最具开放性的商业—文化复合空间。这种空间转向, 从时空维度上讲, 可以归纳为同质同类转向（1990 ～1997年）：社区较少受到外界环境干扰, 以宗教和血缘为联系纽带的社区结构相对稳定, 三重空间以相对分离为主。同质异类转向（1998 ～2000年）：旅游吸引力逐步增强, 原有社区结构受到一定程度的冲击, 社区空间结构出现了文化基质不变, 而商业、服务类型逐步增多, 但三重空间相互侵入并不明显。异质异类转向（2000年以来）：旅游需求旺盛, 旅客激增, 社区空间结构发生了适应性变化, 三重空间的侵入和渗透性加强, 演替速度加快。
The spatial turn is a hot topic at the frontier of sociological research. Langmusi Town is one of the most important tourist destinations in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. From north to south, the overall spatial sequence of the town consists of three spaces a sacred Buddhist temple, a traditional, quiet residential space, and a commercial space with its “hustle and bustle.” However, the development of tourism activities and resources is accelerating the speed of community succession, causing a complex steering of the community structure. Such shifts are reflected not only in external spatial forms, but, more importantly, within the community’s internal structure. Multicultural and multi-interest groups have instigated violent and violating processes of invasion and succession within these three spaces. The growing complexity of cultural exchanges and economic interactions is gradually changing people’s internal behavior paradigms, eventually creating a new mapping of materialized spatial forms and patterns. The promotion of tourist demands and the powerful influence of extraterritorial cultures have violated the sanctity and purity of the temple space, which is beginning to turn secular. The monastery is deriving a non-religious function, closely related to tourism activities, and shows a strong spatial tendency towards extraversion and invasion of commercial space. At the same time, the privacy of the residential space is being undermined, causing changes in function and style from a single residential function to a composite living-tourism services function. The traditional Tibetan “pedal house” has been transformed into an ordinary bungalow; nationality and regional characteristics have subsided.The indoor religious facilities have been significantly reduced, and the external space has been forced to retrench and adapt, opening up to the outside world in alignment with the provision of tourism services. Residents’ behavior has shifted from a traditional nomadic economic mode, while enthusiasm for organized religious belief has weakened, resulting in a reduction of religious activities. Commercial space continues to invade residential space, which is being transformed from an initially integrated commercial-residential space into a homogeneous commercial district promoting a diversified range of commercial activities and evolving into the most open space of a commercial-cultural complex. This spatial-temporal transformation can be summarized as having occurred in three stages. The first phase （1990~1997） involved steering of homogeneous forms and a community structure connected by religious and blood ties and largely insulated from the external environment. The community structure remained relatively stable, and changes were limited to the natural evolution of external forms, with the three spaces maintaining relative separation. Steering of both homogeneous and diverse forms occurred during the second phase （1998~2000）. The gradual increase in tourists to Langmusi, following its reconstruction, impacted on the community structure, but the cultural stroma remained unchanged. While forms of commercial service also showed a gradual increase, the inter-penetration of the three spaces was not obvious. The current stage （since 2000） has entailed steering of heterogeneous and contrasting forms. Tourism demand is high, resulting in a surge of visitors to the area. The strong influence of foreign cultures and the drive for benefits have led to adaptive changes in the community’s spatial structure. Moreover, permeability and invasive inter-penetration of the three spaces are strongly evident, and the speed of succession has accelerated.
出处
《旅游学刊》
CSSCI
2013年第12期34-45,共12页
Tourism Tribune
基金
国家自然基金地区项目(41261042)资助~~
关键词
旅游
寺院空间
民居空间
商业空间
空间转向
郎木寺镇
tourism
temple space
residential space
commercial spatial
spatial turn
Langmusi Town
