摘要
在积极心理学中,希望和乐观虽然在概念上存在重叠,但二者本质上是不同的概念。希望的概念核心是以目标为中心的动力思维和路径思维,乐观的概念核心是指向未来的积极预期。作为两种指向未来的积极预期,希望和乐观属于人格特质的范畴,共同成分是对目标的信念;二者的差异性在于对未来预期的方式和对预期事件的个人控制。研究发现,相对于乐观,希望通常是主观幸福感和学业成绩更好的预测指标,原因在于希望不仅包含情感成分,还包含认知成分。未来研究应明确希望和乐观的整合和而预期目标的时间长短,探讨二者在特殊情况下的不同作用,验证是否存在控制点的调节作用,并开展跨文化研究。
Hope and optimism are two of the most widely researched concepts within positive psychology. They are trait - like thoughts about future and two kinds of future - oriented positive expectations. In fact, re：search found good relationship between hope and optinp ism, suggesting a substantial overlap between the two constructs. Considering that, how should we best conceptualize them？ Are they separate constructs, or do they reflect the same global underlying trait？ A series of studies suggest that though hope and optimism have a lot of conceptual overlap, they are two essentially different concepts. Most oflen, hope involves thoughts about one~ goals, including the ability to generate routes to reach goals （i. e. , pathways） and the motivation to use those routes （i. e. , agency） ; while optimism is closely related to future orientation and is defined as a stable predisposition to believe that good rather than bad things will happen. The core concept of hope is the goal - centered agency thought and pathways thought, while the core concept of optimism is the future - oriented positive expectancy. As a consequence, the ultimate choice between distinguishing or merging hope and optimism may well de- pend on whether the researcher seeks to maximize predictive accuracy or simply to summarize individuals future orientation. As two kinds of future - oriented positive expectancy, hope and optimism are viewed as personality traits, and share a common element： beliefs about goals, but they divergein the way of expecting for the future and the personal control of anticipated events. Specifically, hope is related directly to the personal attainment of a specific goal, whereas optimism focuses more broadly on the expected quality of future outcomes in general. The agency of hope is similar to Bandurab efficacy expeclancies and pathway is similar to outcome expectancies ; while optimism is similar to outcome expectancies. Optimism theory posits that c.utcome expectancies determine goal - directed behavior, whereas hope theory posits that efficacy expectancies （agency） are equally necessary determinants of goal - directed behavior. There are two completely opposite views on the personal control of hope and optimism to anticipated events. One believes that optimists have a greater personal control of anticipated events than those have higher hope levels. Yet another view holds that those have higher hope lev- els have a greater personal control of anticipated events, and higher hope levels may represent a more internal dominant locus of control, while optimists represent an external dominant locus of control. Studies find thal, compared to optimism, hope is usually a better predic- tor of subjective well - being and academic achievement. The influencing mecl^anism is that, compared to optimism, hope contains not only an affective component, but also a cognitive component. Future research ~should pay more attention to ： （ 1 ） whether hope and op- timism can integrate into an overarching trait called goal attitude ; （2） the duration of the two kinds of future - oniented positive expectancies; （3） the different roles of hope and optimism in exceptional circumstances; （4） whether locus of control plays a moderating role in the study of hope and optimism; and （5） more cross - cultural and localization studies in Eastern culture, especially the applicability of existing research conclusion in Chinese population.
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2013年第6期1504-1509,共6页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
西南大学心理学部研究团队建设项目(TR201201-2)
中央高校基本科研业务员专项资金项目(SWU1309376)
国家社会科学基金(09CZX043)的资助
关键词
积极心理学
希望
乐观
未来指向
积极预期
positive psychology, hope, optimism, future orientation, positiw： expectancy
