摘要
众包是随着生产力发展和生活水平提高而出现的一种新的经济现象。随着众包兴起,独立个体从原来只能作为产品使用者,越来越深入地参与到产品或服务创新与生产中来,企业价值创造的方式也随之发生显著变化。本文在系统回顾和梳理众包相关研究成果的基础上,对众包的概念、参与主体、特征、发展条件及影响进行了全面评述,在此基础上,指出当前理论研究和实践中存在的局限,并对众包的实践发展和理论研究进行了展望。
Crowdsourcing is a new phenomenon emerged with the development of productivity and the enhance- ment of living standard. With the booming of crowdsourcing, independent individuals who used to be only consumers of products and services have been involved more and more deeply into the value creation of the firms, hence the way the firms creating value changed significantly. Although it has been a long time since crowdsourcing emerged, the concept of it was proposed until 2006 by Howe for the first time, and there＇s still not a consensus because of crowdsourcing covers complicated fields and the researchers have different backgrounds and aims. In general, in the narrow sense, crowdsourcing is the activities that a certain firm issues a task （an open call）, attracts the crowd to take and complete it, and choose the best solution to reduce its cost and improve its profit. In the broad sense, any clients （ not merely a firm） can initiate a task, and the crowd complete it through competition or cooperation. Crowdsourcing related to some other confusingly similar concepts including open source, open innovation, user innovation and wikinomics. These concepts have several fea- tures in common,including based on the internet technology, democratic and open, usage of dispersive resources; and are different from several sides such as the client, the main purpose of the client, the relation among the partici- pants and the main application fields. Crowdsourcing generally involves three categories of actors ： The individuals forming the crowd who are provid- ers, the companies directly benefitting from the crowd input （client companies）, an intermediation platform building a link between the crowd and client companies;The client companies can also be named initiators （crowdsourcers） from the perspective of crowdsourcing＇s process, which could be a company, institution, non-profit organization, or an individual. Crowdsourcing has several significant characteristics, it is a limited free and open production model, the openness of internet and the individuals＇ interest promote it to be democratic and open which are limited by the technology level and the profit-oriented of the business. It is an interactive network of relationships ,the relations between business and individuals are not simple transaction any longer, and more communication and feedback of information are involved. It is a new model of resource usage;it gathers the people all the world who are interested in a specific task and forms a more broad human resource network that could be used by the firms. It is a value creation and distribution network,in which the individuals outside the firms contribute their wisdom to the innovation and production process. Crowdsourcing is the product of the development of the economy, the society and technologies to a high lev- el. The development of economy, the enhancement of living standard and the improvement of consumers＇ knowledge are the premise of crowdsourcing. The computers, the internet and the progress of technologies make crowdsourcing come true. Especially with the popularization and cost reduction of computer and internet, and the 3D printer are getting more and more mature, it＇s easy for individuals to connect to firms＇ innovation and production network and even to produce at home. Crowdsoureing has great impact on the economy, the firms and the individuals. It promotes the global integra- tion of individual resources and the usage efficiency of the social resources, exerts the great business potential hid- den behind the individuals. It helps the firms to reduce the cost of the capital and time, to improve the product qual- ity and lower the market risk, to offset the shortage of the firms＇ competences and resources, to break through the path dependence. It greatly changes the employment relationship between the firms and their employees, and the trading relationship between the firms and their customers. Nevertheless, crowdsourcing is still a term in its infancy. It＇s a hot topic in the business newspapers and jour- nals, while only a few researchers in colleges and institutes seriously do theoretic research on it. Driven by the third industrial revolution, especially the development of new generation ICT technology and 3D printer, crowdsourcing will develop fast in the practice, and the theories about it also will be driven further.
出处
《经济管理》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第11期48-58,共11页
Business and Management Journal ( BMJ )
基金
国家社科基金青年项目"经济全球化条件下的产业组织发展新趋势"(09CJY007)
关键词
众包
个体
开放式创新
价值创造
crowdsourcing
individual
open Innovation
value creation
