摘要
中国古代墓志的起源和文体的成立一直是学界关注较多的问题,但迄今为止仍然没有形成一致的意见。要考察墓志的起源,不仅要确定"墓志"一词最早的用例,还要考察墓志的基本功用。循此观点可以确定作为实物的墓志起源于东汉中后期,刻于元嘉元年(151)的《缪宇墓志》可以看作墓志起源的标志。由唐人的记载和缪袭、傅玄等人的创作情况可以看出,符合文体意义上的墓志文在魏晋之际已然出现。南北朝时期,墓志文体得到了较快发展,从内容到形式都出现了许多新变化,行文方式和文体形式渐臻完善并为后世作者所接受与模仿。后世墓志铭创作中的变化主要表现为具体内容的增删,体式方面则难以越出南北朝时期业已固化的墓志文体的范式。
Epitaph is of large quantities in Chinese ancient literature. Epitaphs represent not only biographical literature, it also provides materials for research in other academic fields. Therefore ancient epitaphs, especially newly unearthed ones, have always been paid great attention by scholars. But so far the origin of epitaphs and the establishment of the epitaph style are both controversial among scholars. It is an urgent task to probe into these two questions. The newly unearthed epitaphs and the great progress of the research on the evolvement of text style provide new empirical material and new perspective respectively {or the analysis and clarification on these two matters. The first step to confirm the origin of epitaphs is to find the first appearance of ＂epitaph,＂ which is generally agreed among the scholars studying on the epitaphs. After the investigation, it is found that the first piece of ＂epitaph＂ appeared as early as in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but its nature is the prisoner＇s tile epitaphs, rendering their relevance to the study in question. Even if the word of ＂epitaph＂ is used, it does not necessarily mean that that piece of work is ＂epitaph＂ in the real sense. Thus, the first step to investigate the origin of epitaphs is to establish the criteria of epitaphs based on the main functions of epitaphs. Based on the above statements, by concentrating around the newly unearthed stone inscriptions of Eastern Han Dynasty and referencing to other related records in ancient documents, this paper investigates the origin of epitaphs and the establishment of the epitaph style from a new perspective. Epitaphs originated in late Eastern Han Dynasty. Miao Yu＇s epitaph which was carved in the first year of Yuanjia （151） can be seen as an example of this first use of epitaphs. According to the ancient Tang records, Miao Xi （186 - 245） living in Cao Wei period was often regarded as the ancestor of the creation of epitaph. The earliest extant of epitaph created by literati was written by Fu Xuan （217 - 278） of Western Jin Dynasty. Therefore, we have reasons to believe that epitaphs with a definition of one literary style appeared as early as in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. The rapid development of the epitaphs style can be seen both in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. There were a large number of changes both in terms of the content and the form of epitaphs. As for the content, the notes and eulogy＇s function of the epitaph had been further emphasized. Not only the ＂Thirteen things＂ had been perfected, the content of the Mingwen also became more euphuistic and more elaborate. As for the form of the epitaph, the manner of writing became gradually stable and the order of its different parts with different content had been gradually stabilized. The epitaph also became more complete regarding its form. The phenomenon of increasing cooperation between writers of epitaphs among the Northern and Southern Dynasties represented the new changes with regard to the text form of the epitaph style. Before and after the sixth Century A. D. , the writing manner and the text form of the epitaph style finally became standardized and was accepted and imitated by later authors. The changes in the epitaph creation in later times lied merely in addition and deletion of certain content under the names of specific epitaphs. The follow-up epitaphs can not be able to develop beyond the already fixed epitaph style paradigm established in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
出处
《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第5期138-149,共12页
Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences
基金
国家社会科学基金资助项目(10BZW029)
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金资助项目(13YJC751038)
中国博士后科学基金第54批面上资助项目(2013M540315)
关键词
墓志起源
文体成立
早期演进
行文方式
the origin of epitaphs
the establishment of style
early evolution
manner of writing
