摘要
环境群体性事件背后的一个重要的理论问题,是在环保制度中如何选择更有效率的法律规则。卡拉布雷西和梅拉米德提出的分析框架,有助于深入理解环境污染的制度设计。"卡-梅框架"对于法律规则的效率比较,基于事后效率(机会成本)与事前效率(行为激励)的法律经济学标准。同时,不同法律规则的经济效果,最终反映在法益的市场定价之上,对应着不同的市场类型。从效率标准和市场类型出发,可以看到各种现行的和可供选择的环保法律制度可能具有的成本收益和实践效果。以环境影响评价法为核心的现行环保体制,要比一刀切式的事前禁止或是造成严重后果后的司法救济更有效率,但是必须提升环保部门的公信力和执行力。
The key issue behind the environmental group events in law and economics is the efficient choice of the legal rules in environmental protection. The property rules and hability rules framework by Guido Calabresi and Douglas Melamed is of help. The main efficiency standards of C＆M Frame- work are ex post opportunity cost and ex ante incentive efficiency. Taking a thought experiment of en- vironmental pollution as example, the C＆M Framework can be extended to five types of rules, corre- sponding to different types of markets, that is, inactivity rules to yellow market, inalienable rules to black market or no market, property rules to white market, liability rules to green market, and regu- lation rules to red market and gray market. According to the efficient standards, we may examine the cost-benefits and the practical effects of the existing and potential legal options in environmental protection. By contrast, the current regime based on the Environmental Impact Assessment Law is generally more efficient than the ex ante ad- ministrative prohibition and the ex post judicial remedies, but is subject to the credibility of the envi- ronmental protection agencies. However, according to the very practice of environmental protection in today＇ s China, the regulation rules and the inalienable rules are more realistic than the liability rules and the property rules. And the choice between the liability rules and the property rules should take the heaviness of the pollution into account. The choice of rules has to suffer the delimitation cost. On- ly if all the possible types of rules have been examined and all their efficient differences have been compared , can the choice, evaluation, and improvement of rules be rational.
出处
《法学研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第3期17-36,共20页
Chinese Journal of Law
关键词
环境保护
规则的效率标准
法律与市场
界权成本
environmental protection
efficiency of legal rule
law and market
delimitation cost
