摘要
近年来,中国已成为世界重要的旅游目的地和客源地,2009年旅游服务贸易首次出现的逆差提升了人们对旅游服务贸易比较优势的重新关注。本文认为应动态地理解旅游服务贸易的比较优势,首先,作为国际服务贸易的一个组成部分,在GATS中规定的四种不同的提供模式下,决定其比较优势的要素禀赋不同,其次,旅游服务贸易发展所处的阶段不同,决定其比较优势的要素禀赋也不同。在此立场下,本文探讨不同阶段旅游服务贸易要素禀赋的特征,研究影响旅游服务贸易比较优势的因素,并在此基础上为培育我国旅游服务贸易动态比较优势提出建议。
With the development of the globalization, China has become one of the most important tourism ctestinations and sources as well. But, within the process, China has been experiencing more and more disadvantageous competition, in world＇ s trade in tourism service. In 2009, China recorded a deficit of trade in tourism service for the first time since the enforcement of open-reform policy. This arouses academic circle to rethink about China＇ s comparative advantage in trade in tourism service, upon which a rational development design of the trade in tourism service can be established. In general, most analysts take the researches in terms of traditional theory of comparative advantage which has a great success in explaining merchandise trade. Spontaneously, these researches conclude that, based on their comparatively lower labor and land prices, developing countries have comparative advantage over developed ones in trade in tourism service. As a part of international trade in service, trade in tourism service is subject to GATS （General Agreement On Trade in Services）, which is specified for and the most accepted in international trade. According to GATS, the agreement covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in cross-border trade ,namely Cross-border supply, Consumption abroad, Commercial presence, Presence of a natural person. Accordingly, all services provided by different service sectors are classified into the above-mentioned four modes. Since the creation of GATS, all items within trade in service including negotiations and performances of contract are practiced in the paradigm of the four modes. Under the background that few researches are undertaken in the thinking pattern of the four modes, this paper tries to analyze the comparative advantage and its dynamic changes in the new pattern. Two basic proposition are hereafter presented and detailedly elucidated. Firstly, As a part of international trade in service, trade in tourism service covers four modes of supply for the delivery of services in international trade, namely Cross-border supply in tourism service, Consumption abroad in tourism service, Commercial presence in tourism service and Presence of a natural person in tourism service. Secondly, upon different histories, cultures, natural endowments and most of all, social economic development levels, different countries own different levels of trade in tottnsm service,and therefore are at different stage of development. Based on the two propositions, a research of dynamic comparative advantage in trade in tourism service is undertaken; specifically this paper analyzes the respective characteristics of factor endowment under each of the 4 modes. And the influential factors over an economy＇ s comparative advantage in trade in tourism service are further analyzed. Finally, suggestion to foster China＇ s dynamic comparative advantages in trade in tourism service is put forward. The conclusive viewpoints are as following： 1. In trade in tourism service,labor, land and capital are still the basic factor constituents. But the significance of the basic factors differs in each of the 4 modes. Some other new factors, such as information and management are playing a more and more important roles in competition. So each mode of tourism service possesses different characteristics of factor structure. 2. To a specific economy, one or two modes dominate the trade in tourism service at different economic stages. Therefore, the comparative advantage at each economic stage is fundamentally decided by the particular factor endowment of this stage. With the development of trade in tourism service, the significance of each service supply mode is changing, which in turn changes the dynamic comparative advantage in trade in tourism service. 3. Two empirical suggestions are presented to drive forward today＇ s trade in tourism service in China. Crossborder supply and Commercial presence should be put in the dominant place and more resources should be cast in to strengthen the two modes. A healthier competition environment should be set up for the enterprises in the field of trade in tourism service.
出处
《经济管理》
CSSCI
北大核心
2013年第3期130-138,共9页
Business and Management Journal ( BMJ )
关键词
旅游服务贸易
四模式
动态比较优势
要素禀赋
trade in Tourism service
four Different Delivery modes
dynamical Comparative advantage
factor endowment
