摘要
在19世纪以前，人们就发现并合成了乙醚及氧化亚氮，并发现其具有催眠和镇痛作用，但在当时只是被用作晚会上寻欢作乐的消遣品。进入19世纪以后，乙醚及氧化亚氮开始被应用于临床麻醉。此后，越来越多的化学麻醉药物被合成并应用于临床。1872年，氯仿被注入静脉以进行麻醉。到了20世纪，随着多种巴比妥类药物的合成，静脉麻醉得到了更多的发展和应用。同时，相关麻醉技术也得到了发展。在19世纪初，使用的是开放式吸入麻醉方法。1900年，出现了喉部造口进行喉内吹气法。然后是气管内麻醉和人工呼吸全麻技术（1908），以及气管内插管、喉镜、喉罩等麻醉工具的出现。19世纪中期，由于注射针筒和可卡因的出现，使局部麻醉成为可能。1880年，局部麻醉获得成功。此后，多种局部麻醉药物被合成并获得应用。与之相伴的是各种局部麻醉技术的发展：蛛网膜下腔麻醉（1900）、骶管麻醉（1901）与硬膜外阻滞（1903），以及神经丛阻滞（1902）等其他局部麻醉方法。为了有效地控制麻醉的深度和呼吸，人们不断进行着各种尝试，例如麻醉机（1910）、改良的气管内麻醉（1921）、低温技术（1902）、控制性血压（20世纪40年代）、人工冬眠（1951）等相继出现。
Before the 19th century, ether and nitrous oxide were synthesized. However, they were just used as a kind of enjoyable things at night gatherings for their hypnotic and analgesic effect. In the 19th century, ether and nitrous oxide came into use in clinical anesthesia. Thereafter, more and more chemical narcotics were synthesized and applied to clinical anesthesia. In 1872, chloroform was injected into man＇s vein for anesthesia. In the 20thcentury, along with many kinds of barbiturates being synthesized, intravenous anesthesia got much development and application. At the same time, related techniques of anesthesia also improved. In the early 19＇h century, open inhalation anesthesia was often used. In 1900, there came a new anesthesia method by blowing into the windpipe through the cut of throat. Later on, the technique of endo- tracheal anesthesia and artificial respiration anesthesia （ 1908）, the anesthetic instrument of endotracheal intubation and laryngeal mask and laryngoscope were invented. In the mid 19th century, the appearance of injection syringe and cocaine made local anesthesia possible. In 1880, local anesthesia also became suc- cessful. Thereafter, a variety of local anesthetic drugs were synthesized and applied, companying with vari- ous techniques of local anesthesia such as subarachnoid anesthesia （1900）, sacral anesthesia （1901）, epi- dural block （1903）, plexus block （1902） and so on. In order to control the depth of anesthesia and respi- ration effectively, people attempted a lot so that anesthesia machine （ 1910）, improved endotracheal anesthe- sia （ 1921 ）, cryogenic technique （ 1902 ）, controlled hypotension （1940s） and artificial hibernation （1950） came into being.
出处
《中华医史杂志》
CAS
2012年第6期358-363,共6页
Chinese Journal of Medical History
关键词
乙醚
氧化亚氮
化学麻醉药物
麻醉技术
Ether
Nitrous oxide
Chemical narcotic
Anesthetic techniques
