3Ianglois JA, Rutland-Brown W,Thomas KE. Traumatic brain injury in the United States:Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control;2004.
4Vialet R, Albanese J, Thomachot L, et al. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol)in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension:2ml/kg 7.5 % saline is more effective than 2 ml/ kg 20% mannitol. Crit Care Med,2003,31 (6) : 1683-1687.
5Nonaka M, Yoshimine T, Kohmura E, et al. Changes in brain organic osmolytes in experimental cerebral ischemia.J Neurol Sci, 1998, 157( 1 ): 25-30.
6Kokoska ER,Smith GS,Pittman T, et al.Early hypotension worsens neurological outcome in pediatric patients with moderately severe head trauma. J Pediatr Surg, 1998,33(2) :333-338.
7Hackbarth RM,Rzeszutko KM,Sturm G,et al.Survival and functional outcome in pediatric traumatic brain injury: a retrospective review and analysis of predictive factors. Crit Care Med, 2002,30(7 ) : 1630-1635.
8Adelson PD, Bratton SL, Carney NA, et al. Guidelines for the acute medical management of severe traumatic brain in jury in in fants, children, and adolescents. Pediatr Crit Care Med,2003,43 Suppl: S68-71.
9Doyle JA, Davis DP, Hoyt DB. The use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of traumatic brain injury.J Trauma,2001,50(2) :367-383.
10Yada-Langui MM, Anjos-Valotta EA, Sannomiya P, et al. Resuscitation affects microcirculatory polymorphonuclear leukocyte behavior after hemorrhagic shock: role of hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline. Exp Biol Med( Maywood ) ,2004,229( 7 ) :684-693.