摘要
鹅膏菌属 (Amanita)是一个近世界性广布的大属 ,全球已被描述而又被承认的有近50 0种。在文献中 ,我国此属已记载约 10 0种。然而 ,许多种都是原初描述于欧洲或北美的种类。近来的研究表明 ,东亚的鹅膏菌独特且有其自身的分布范围。东亚的有些种虽与产于欧洲或北美的某些种相似 ,但仔细的野外观察、详尽的形态解剖学和分子进化生物学研究结果表明 ,东亚的鹅膏菌是独立的分类群。在欧洲 ,人们有采集著名食菌恺撒鹅膏菌的习惯 ;在东亚 ,人们采食的“恺撒鹅膏菌”实为红黄鹅膏菌及其近缘种。在欧洲 ,有剧毒的毒鹅膏菌、鳞柄毒鹅膏菌和春生毒鹅膏菌 ,而在东亚 ,每年夏秋出现的烟色毒鹅膏菌、黄盖毒鹅膏菌及其白色变种等 ,常引起严重的中毒事故 ,甚至导致人员死亡。在鹅膏菌属中 ,泛北极、欧亚或东亚 -北美广布的种并不多见。东亚 -北美鹅膏菌的生物地理联系通过地理替代种比通过相同分类群更能明确反映出来。该属目前下分为 2亚属 7组 ,每组在中国皆有多种代表。大多数鹅膏菌与乔灌木形成专性菌根关系 ,但在我国西南高海拔山区草地上出现的几种鹅膏菌可能并不形成菌根。此外 ,在我国不少鹅膏菌尚未研究和命名。因此 ,有理由认为中国的鹅膏菌是十分多样的。
The subcosmopolitan genus Amanita consists of nearly 500 species described and accepted worldwide. In the literature about 100 taxa of the genus were reported in China. However, many of them were originally described in Europe or in North America. Recent studies have indicated that Amanitae in East Asia are unique and have their own geographical ranges. Although some species found in East Asia are similar to those occurring in Europe, or in North America, careful observations in the field, detailed morphological, anatomical study and molecular analysis show that the mushrooms in East Asia are distinct taxa. In Europe people gather the famous edible Caesars Mushroom, namely A.caesarea , while in East Asia A.hemibapha and related taxa, which have usually been treated as A.caesarea , are often collected as food. In Europe the lethally poisonous mushrooms, i.e. the Death Cap ( A.phalloides ), the Destroying Angel ( A.virosa ), and the Spring Poisonous Mushroom ( A.verna ), occur, while in East Asia summer and fall fruiting mushrooms like A.fuliginea, A.subjunquillea, A.subjunquillea var. alba, also cause dramatic poisonings or even deaths every year. Holarctic taxa, European-Asian or North American-East Asian taxa are uncommon in this genus. The biogeographic relationships between Amanita of East Asia and North America are much more clearly reflected by vicarious species than by conspecific taxa. The genus is presently divided into 2 subgenera and 7 sections. All sections are well-represented in China. Most Amanitae obligately form ectomycorrhizae with trees or shrubs;however, fruiting bodies of a few species have been found in open fields at high elevations in southwestern China——probably forming no myccorhizae. In addition, an unknown number of taxa of the genus Amanita in China have yet to be studied and named. Hence, it is reasonable to conclude that Amanitae in China are very diverse.
出处
《云南植物研究》
CSCD
2000年第2期135-142,共8页
Acta Botanica Yunnanica
基金
TheprojectsupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina! (no . 3980 0 0 0 7) ,bytheNaturalScienceFoundationofYunnanProv
关键词
真菌
鹅膏菌
分类
物种多样性
地理分布
Fungi
Basidiomycetes
Amanita
Taxonomy
Species diversity
Biogeography
China
