摘要
由于第一代认知科学存在着身心剥离的缺憾,具身化作为第二代认知科学的主要特征得到研究者的广泛关注,并且得到了来自神经科学领域的支持。随着研究的深入,具身学派提出,社会认知是否也应是具身的。现有研究发现具身性对个体评价、反应速度、言语理解、人际交往等方面都有不小的作用。但上述以身体模拟为主的证据要证明具身性即社会认知的核心特征仍有不足,具身学派还需解决诸如明确具身的定义、实验论证、明显区别于传统认知观等问题。
For decades, the reigning paradigm of cognitive science has been classicism. Psychologists depict the interaction between mankind and environment mainly according to the model of information processing. In other words, the classical cognitivists （CC） be- lieve that cognition can be calculated. CC claims that mental operations are largely detached from the working of the body, the body be- ing merely a device for commands generated by the abstract symbols in the mind. However, these classical beliefs are contradicted by embodied cognitivism （EC）. EC argues that our body （including the brain） is also involved in cognitive activities and plays an impor- tant role. As the classical cognitive science cannot solve some of the problems, such as the complex cognitive activities that involve emo- tion, subjective experience, then, embodiment, the most significant character of the embodied cognitive science, has been prevalent a- mong the researches and is supported by the evidence from neuron science. Mirror neurons are reckoned as the essence of empathy and mimicry of expression, as the experiments from monkeys and humans indicate. Furthermore, they can arouse emotion reactivation during and after experiencing one situation. With the development of embodied researches, the researchers found that even the position of our body or the movement of our head do influence our cognitive activities, like evaluation, memory, speed of words sorting, etc. While some scholars who champion embodied cognition argue that whether social cognition is embodied still warrants discussion, many studies in embodied social cognition have achieved some revolutionary results. They are mainly in three fields： attitude, social perception and emotion. However, the research results are mainly focused on body mimicry and cant serve as crucial evidence of the embodiment of so- cial cognition. The researchers have to define what kind of social cognitive activities can qualify for embodiment or embodied social cog- nition, such as person recognition, personality perception, social beliefs, social mechanisms, mindreading, social attitudes, social in- teraction. A lot of studies about attitude, social perception, emotion and language have provided sufficient evidence of social embodi- ment. While few studies in mindreading with embodied methods give us promising results, EC has been widely accepted in schools. To promote future development of the EC approach, researchers still need to answer the following questions. First, which interpretation of embodiment do they have in mind？ Second, which sectors of cognition, or which cognitive activities, do they believe are embodied; and how fully does each task involve embodiment？ Third, how does the empirical evidence support the specific embodiment claims under the selected interpretations？ Fourth, how do the professed claims depart substantially from CC？
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第5期1107-1112,共6页
Journal of Psychological Science
关键词
具身认知
具身社会认知
面部表情
肢体
镜像神经元
embodied cognition, embodied social cognition, expression, body, mirror neuron
