摘要
对47名大学生被试依次进行自然情境中的人为任务、自然情境中的自然任务、实验室情境中的人为任务和实验室情境中的自然任务的测试。结果发现,相同任务情境中的不同性质的前瞻记忆具有一致性,特别是在自然情境中的一致性更为明显;相同任务性质但不同任务情境下的前瞻记忆没有一致性,实验室中的前瞻记忆与自然情境中的前瞻记忆不能相互预测。
Prospective memory has become one of the hot spots in memory researches since 1970＇ s. There are two paradigms of prospective memory research -- the daily paradigm and the laboratory paradigm. In the daily paradigm research, prospective memory tasks are assigned to the subjects in everyday life （ natural situations）, such as sending postcards to the experimenter. In the laboratory paradigm research, prospective memory tasks are assigned to the subjects in the laboratory （laboratory situations）, such as pressing the prescriptive keys when previously designated words appear on the computer screen. On this basis, Kvavilashvili （1992） divided the tasks which were assigned to the subjects in the course of the experiment into two kinds, i.e. natural task and artificial task. The former refers to the prospective memory task which links the experiment situation logically and is not realized by the subject, which belongs to the experiment task ; the latter refers to the prospective memory that doesn＇ t link the experiment logically and could be realized by the subject, which is the experiment task. So the tasks of prospective memory experiments could be divided into four types according to the experiment situation and task property： artificial task in natural situation （ task type t ）, natural task in natural situation （ task type 2）, artificial task in laboratory situation （ task type 3 ） and natural task in laboratory task （ task type 4）. Kvavilashvili thought the natural task in laboratory situation （ task type 4） was the most ideal for prospective memory research, because it could avoid the ceiling effect and it took account of the ecological effect. This research started from the classification of prospective memory tasks and discussed further the consistence of the performance that subjects finished on the four types of prospective memory tasks. Specifically, it＇ s to make certain whether the performances on the artificial and natural tasks in laboratory situation and natural situation are highly correlated or not. This result can be used to answer the following questions ： 1 ） As Kvavilashvili mentioned, compared with other three tasks, is the natural task in the laboratory situation really the most ideal prospective memory research task？ 2） Are prospective memories in the laboratory and in the everyday life situation the same and can be mutually anticipated？ 3） Can natural and artificial prospective memories be mutually anticipated？ Tests were done in turns to 47 undergraduates between bringing paper and pen （ type 2 ） , prospective memory test in the laboratory （ type 3 ）, signing the date when finishing the test （ type 4） and sending a text message to the experimenter 2 days later （ type 1 ）. The results indicated that prospective memories of different attributes in the same situation were consistent, especially in the natural situation. But the same attribute of prospective memories in different task situations were inconsistent. So prospective memories of the same task attribute in different task situations are inconsistent ; prospective memories in laboratory and in natural situations can＇ t be anticipated with each other. The reason was due to the subjects carrying out the daily prospective memories tasks based on their evaluation of the importance of the task. The importance is more influential than the attribute of target famifiarity and clue specificity on the implementation of the task. The results could not only afford reference for improving ecological validity and choosing an appropriate experiment task of prospective memory research, but atso provide illumination to the measurement of the ability of prospective memory.
出处
《心理科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2012年第3期569-573,共5页
Journal of Psychological Science
基金
教育部人文社会科学研究项目(09YJCXLX017)
全国教育科学十一五规划青年课题(EHA090427)
上海市重点学科建设项目(S30401)资助
关键词
记忆
前瞻记忆
任务情境
生态效度
memory, prospective memory, task situation, ecological validity
