3Ward NS, Dushay KM. Clinical concise review: mechanical ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J]. Crit Care Med,2008,36(5):1614-1619.
4Agarwal R,Gupta R, Aggarwal AN, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to COPD vs other causes: effectiveness and predictors of failure in a respiratory ICU in North India [J]. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2008,3(4):737-743.
6Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, et al. Diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronehoscopie and nonhronchoseopic "blind" bronehoalveolar lavage fluid [J]. Am Rev Respir Dis,1991,143(5 Pt 1): 1121- 1129.
10Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, et al. Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription [J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000, 162(2 Pt 1): 505-511.
3Antonelli M, Pennisi MA, Montini L. Clinical review: Noninvasive ventilation in the clinical setting-experience from the past 10 years [ J]. Crit Care,2005,9( 1 ) :98-103.
4Ward NS, Dushay KM. Clinical concise review: Mechanical ventilation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [ J ]. Crit Care Med,2008,36(5 ) : 1614-1619.
5Agarwal R, Gupta R, Aggarwal AN, et al. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure due to COPD vs other causes : effectiveness and predictors of failure in a respiratory ICU in North India[ J ]. Int J C hron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2008,3 (4) :737- 743.
6Gunnerson KJ, Saul M, He S, et al. Lactate versus non-lactate metabolic acidosis: a retrospective outcome evaluation of critically ill patients [ J ]. Crit Care ,2006,10 ( 1 ) : R22.
8Vincent JL,Bihari DJ,Suter PM,et al.The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe.Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study.EPIC International Aclvisory Committee.JAMA,1995,274:639-644.
9Luna CM,Blanzaco D,Niederman MS,et al.Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia:prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome.Crit Care Med,2003,31:676-682.
10Nseir S,Marquette CH.Diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia:postmortem studies.Infect Dis Clin North Am,2003,17:707-716.
6Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis. management. and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-revised 2011. Available from URL: http://www. goldcopd. org/ guidelines-global-strategy-for-diagnosis-management. html.
7Keenan SP. Sinuff T. Cook OJ. et al. Which patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease benefit from noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation? A systematic review of the literature. Annals Internal Medicline , 2003.138: 861-870.
8Quon BS. Gan WQ. Sin DD. Contemporary Mangement of Acute Exacerbations of COPD: A Systematic Review and Mataanalysis. Chest, 2008,133: 756-766.
9Keenan SP, Mehta S. Noninvasive ventilation for patients presenting with acute respiratory failure: the randomized controlled trials. Respir Care, 2009 ,54: 116-124.
10Kobayashi N, Miyazawa N, Ogura T, et al. Eighty cases of chronic respiratory failure treated with home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi , 2005,43: 3-9.
