摘要
德国2007年温室气体排放量相对1990年下降超过了21%,提前达到其京都减排目标,并且在主要领域均实现了温室气体排放量下降。从温室气体种类来看,1990年-2007年德国CO2排放下降了19%,非CO2减排率达到36%;从部门来看,能源领域减排率为22%,国民经济非基础性行业能耗减排和能源结构调整是能源领域最主要的减排途径,其次是废弃物领域,其减排总量与能源工业部门相当,减排率高达72%。总结德国实现减排目标的主要原因有:东西德统一促进环境改善,经济结构调整助力排放控制,能源结构转变推动温室气体减排,能源价格调控能源领域的减排。由此得到三点启示:减排起算时间点对德国实现京都减排率计算意义重大,温室气体排放控制中尽量避免对经济的冲击,要重视CH4和N2O等非CO2温室气体减排。
The total German greenhouse gas （GHG） emissions declined by more than 21% in 2007 compared to 1990. In other words, Germany had reached its general Kyoto reduction target ahead of schedule. Additionally, greenhouse gas emissions have been reduced in all major sectors. Germany’s successful experiences of GHG reduction would provide valuable reference to China for controlling GHG emissions in the future. Through examining the latest German GHG emission inventories published on United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change （UNFCCC） and its climate protection policies, this paper is intended to reveal how Germany was able to achieve its Kyoto targets and what contributed to its emission reduction outcomes. The absolute amount and relative rate of GHG emissions changes during the period 1990-2007 were calculated for detecting the characteristics of GHG emissions structure and the significant sectors in GHG reduction. Analysis of the GHG emissions structure shows that, during the study period, CO2 increased by 2.8 points in its proportion of the total GHG, GH4 decreased by 3.6 points, N2O had few change, and fluorides increased by 0.8 point. There are three important findings about the German GHG reduction path. 1） Non-CO2 emissions dropped at a higher rate of 36% than CO2 by 19% between 1990 and 2007; 2） The energy sector was the most important GHG reduction sector. And the reduction rate of 22% in the energy sector was ascribed primarily to energy consumption reductions in the non-basic industries and energy restructuring; 3） The second main contributor was reduction in the waste sector, whose total amount was similar to that of the energy sector and it decreased by 72%. It is concluded that the realization of Germany’s GHG reduction was mainly achieved through the ways of environmental improvement in former East Germany after the reunification, economic transformation, energy restructuring, and energy price regulation. In general, the enlightenment from the German case can be summarized as： 1） Germany benefited greatly from calculating the Kyoto reduction rate with reference to the year of 1990. It helped Germany gain a 8% GHG reduction than that of 1992 for the industry bankruptcy of former East Germany at the beginning of 1990s; 2） Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions should avoid negative impacts on economic development. It is necessary to protect foundational and key industries to coordinate environmental improvement and economic development; 3） Reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions is as well as significant. Cutting down the fugitive emission from fuels and solid waste disposal are two practical approaches.
出处
《资源科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2011年第3期588-594,共7页
Resources Science
基金
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(批准号:2009SAP-2)
国家科技支撑计划资助项目(批准号:2007BAC03A11)
国家环境保护部课题:"温室气体排放统计核算与环境监管能力建设"(编号:CC(2010)-6-4)
关键词
温室气体
减排
京都目标
德国
Greenhouse gas emissions； Mitigation； Kyoto target； Germany；
