3De La Coussaye JE,Bassoul B,Brugada J,et al.Reversal of electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects induced by high dose of bupivacaine by the combination of clonidine and dobutamine in anesthetized dogs[J].Anesth Analg,1992,74:703.
4De Kock M,Le Polain B,Henin D,Vandewalle F,Scholtes JL.Clonidine pre-treatment reduces the systemic toxicity of intravenous bupivacaine in rats[J].Anesthesiology,1993,79:282.
5Tanaka K,Oda Y,Funao T,Takahashi R,Hamaoka N,Asada A.Dexmedetomidine decreases the convulsive potency of bupivacaine and levobupivacaine in rats:involvement ofα2-adrenoceptor for controlling convulsions[J].Anesth Analg,2005,100:687.
6McCutcheon CA,Orme RM,Scott DA,et al.A comparison of dexmedetomidine versus conventional therapy for sedation and hemodynamic control during carotid endarterectomy performed under regional anesthesia[J].Anesth Analg,2006,102:668.
7Bernards CM,Artru AA.Effect of intracerebroventricular picrotoxin and muscimol on intravenous bupivacaine toxicity.Evidence supporting central nervous system involvement in bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity[J].Anesthesiology,1993,78(5):902.
8Bernards CM,Artu AA.Hexamethonium and midazolam terminate dysrhythmias and hypertension caused by intracerebroventricular bupivacaine in rabbits[J].Anesthesiology,1991,74(1):89.
9Weinberg GL.Lipid rescue resuscitation from local anaesthetic cardiac toxicity[J].Toxicol Rev,2006,25:139.
10Corcoran W,Butterworth J,Weller RS,et al.Local anesthetic-induced cardiac toxicity:a survey of contemporary practice strategies among academic anesthesiology departments[J].Anesth Analg,2006,103:1322.
2Hara M,Kai Y,Ikemoto Y.Propofol activates GABA receptorchloorideionophore complex in dissociated hippocampal pyramidal neurons of the rat.Anesthesiology,1993,79:781-788.
3Kohno T,Kumamoto E,Baba H,et al.Actions of midazolam on GABA ergic transmission in substantia gelatinosa neurons of adult rat spinal cord slices.Anesthesiology,2000,92:507-515.
4Tanelian DL,Kosek P.The role of the GABA receptor/chloride channel complex in anesthesia.Anesthesiology,1993,78:757-776.
5Knudsen K,Beckman SM,Blomberg S,et al.Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i.v.infusions of ropivacaine,bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers.Br J Anaesth,1997,78:507-514.
6Ohmura S,Kawada M,Ohta T.Systemic toxicity and resuscitation in bupivacaine,levobupivacaine,or ropivacaine infused rats.Anesth Analg,2001,93:743-748.
7Ala Kokko TL,Lopponent A,Alahuhta S.Two instances of central nervous system toxicity in the same patient following repeated ropivacaine induced brachial plexus block.Acta Anesthesiol Scand,2000,44:623-626.
8Ladd LA,Chang DHT,Wilson KA,et al.Effects of CNS site-directed carotid arterial infusions of bupivacaine,levobupivacaine,and ropivacaine insheep.Anesthesiology,2002,97:418-428.
9Dony P,Dewinde V,Vanderick B,et al.The comparative toxicity of ropivacaine and bupivacaine at equipotent doses in rats.Anesth Analg,2000,91:1489-1492.
