摘要
传统中国乡村社会之所以能长久维持,在于国家、绅士和小农三方的互动呈均衡稳定状态。近代以来,在外来现代化因素的冲击下,国家政权不断向乡村下渗,小农贫困化普遍发展,尤其是作为中介和上下缓冲的绅士阶层发生剧烈分化与蜕变。传统乡村绅士的分化表现在:除了部分继续钻营仕途外,向工、商、军、学甚至下层社会分流。由于科举制度的废除,原有上升渠道遭遇制度性解体,造成乡村绅士向城市大规模的单向迁移。绅士阶层的外流与分化引起了乡村政权的蜕化,国家、绅士和小农均衡互动的结构格局难以维持下去。国家政权不断扩张和向乡村的持续下渗,使传统国家的间接治理机制渐次失效。伴随家庭手工业的破产,小农不断发生分化和贫困化,也对传统乡村的宗族组织机制和村落聚合力造成巨大冲击。小农的日趋贫困化,正形成解放前乡土中国大规模动荡的结构性基础,预示着乡村社会结构的改造和彻底重组。现代化过程还加剧了城乡文化疏离,使乡村社区丧失凝聚力,乡村固有的社会结构失衡,陷入总体性危机中,从根本上动摇了传统社会的根基,绅士问题反映了近代中国的社会变迁。
The reason for the long lasting of the Chinese rural society is that the interaction between the state,the gentry and the petty farmer takes on a steady,balanced situation.Since the modern times,and under the impact of the foreign modernization,the state power of China has continuously filtered down to the rural areas,producing the extensive pauperization of the petty farmer,especially the violent differentiation and disintegration of the gentry,who,as an agency,plays an up-and-down cushioning part.The differentiation of the traditional rural gentry is chiefly marked by the fact that most of them are diverted into the industry or business or army or school or even the bottom,although a little continue to serve their own interests in the official career.And the abolishment of the Imperial Examination not only destroys the original going-upward channel but also promotes the one-way migration of the rural gentry into the city,thus producing the disintegration of the rural power.What＇ s more,the continuous filtering-down of the state power to the rural areas invalidates gradually the indirect mechanism of the traditional government.With the bankrupt of the cottage industry,the petty farmer consistently makes differentiation and pauperization,which also gives a great impact on the rural religious organization and rural cohesion.And the day-by-day pauperization of the petty farmer just lays a foundation for the great turbulent structure before 1949,and,at the same time,foretells the reform and reorganization of the rural social structure.The process of modernization also increases the separation between the urban and rural cultures,making the rural community lose cohesive force and shaking the traditional society to its foundation.All these reflect the great social change of China in the modern times.
出处
《上海大学学报（社会科学版）》
CSSCI
北大核心
2010年第5期36-42,共7页
Journal of Shanghai University(Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
社会结构
传统乡村
绅士
解体
social structure
traditional rural society
gentry
disintegration
