桑给巴尔当地对Chwaka海湾潮汐、季风和海床的认识与实践
摘要
Chwaka海湾是坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔温古贾岛东岸一个浅的潟湖。春季低水期50%以上海湾地区变得干枯。Chwaka海湾的潮汐、潮速和海床的地貌形态是目前在此处进行的跨领域研究的起始研究对象。研究区集中Chwaka村,此处是斯瓦希里人在海湾区的7个定居点之一。1997年8月和1998年3～6月进行的调查和观察中收集到Chwaka男子和妇女对海洋和海岸资源利用与管理的资料。研究表明当地居民对:不同的潮汐周期,半日潮、日潮和半月潮;风和降水的季节性变化;海床的地貌形态知识丰富。研究还表明他们利用这些知识对海湾和海湾资源达到最优化利用。Chwaka人民用自己的语言和分类系统描述月亮公转与潮汐周期之间的关系,而这在很大程度上与基础科学命名一致。不仅如此,他们脑海中对海床形态的描画与海湾水流的知识相结合,他们即使在春季极低水位时也能畅游自如。研究表明,自然条件和自然轮回虽然对生产有约束同时也创造了许多机会。文中以事例说明外部影响下有关海洋资源利用与管理机构系统所表现出的优点和弱点。Chwaka实例说明当地居民、研究者和政策制定者之间对话与合作在调查和发展实践中的重要性。
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