3Cunningham SD, Tschann J, Gurvey JE, et al. Attitudes about sexual disclosure and perceptions of stigma and shame [ J]. Sex Transm Infect, 2002, 78 : 334 - 338.
4Goffman E. Stigma : notes on the management of spoiled identity [ M ]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 1963.
5Nelkin D, Gilman SL. Placing blame for devastating disease [ J]. Soc Res (New York), 1988, 55:361 -378.
6Herek GM. The instrumentality of attitudes: Towards a neofunctional theory [J]. J Soc Issues, 1986, 4:2:99 -114.
7Herek GM, Capitanio JP. Symbolic prejudice or fear of infection? A functional analysis of AIDS - related stigma among heterosexual adults [J]. Basic Appl Soc Psychol, 1998, 20:230 -241.
8Herek GM. Thinking about AIDS and stigma : A psychologist' s perspective [J]. J Law Med Ethics, 2002, 30:594-607.
9Deacon H, Stephney I, Prosalendis S. Understanding HIV/AIDS stigma: A theoretical and methodological analysis [ M ]. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council, 2005.
10Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF. HIV - related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1991 - 1999 [J]. Am J Public Health, 2002, 92:371 -377.
5Chesney M A, Smith A W. Critical delays in HIV testing and care the potential role of stigma. American Behavioral Scientist. 1999, 42 ( 7 ): 1162-1174.
6Herek G M,Capitanio J P, Widaman K F. Stigma, social risk, and health policy: public attitudes toward HIV surveillance policies and the social construction of illness. Health Psychology, 2003, 22 (5): 533-540.
7Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Press. 1963.
8Link B G, Phelan j C. On stigma and its public health implications. Annual Review of Sociology, 2001, 27 (1):363-85.
9Parker R, Aggleton P. HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science and Medicine, 2003, 57 (1): 13-24.
10Deacon H J. A history of the medical institutions on Robben Island. PhD Thesis. Britain: University of Cambridge, 1994.
7Major B,Kaiser CR, O' Brien LT,et al.Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confh'mation implication for self- es- teem [ J ].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007,92 (6) : 1 068-1 086.
8Yang LH,Kleinman A,Bruce G Link,et al. Cuhure and stigma: adding moral experience to stigma theory [J].Social Science & Medicine, 2007,64(7) : 1 524-1 535.
9Boyd JE,Otilingam PG,Deforge BR,et al.Brief version of the Inter- nalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) seale: Psyehometric proper- ties and relationship to depression, serf esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and pereeived devaluation and discrimination [J].Psyehiatr Rehabil J, 2014,37( 1 ) : 17-23.
10Liu H,Xu Y,Sun Y, et al.Measuring HIV stigma at the family level: psychometric assessment of the Chinese Courtesy Stigma Scales (CCSSs)[J] .PLoS One,2014,9(3):92 855.
