摘要
世界范围内快速城市化进程所带来的缺水、水污染、洪涝等一系列问题，已经引起人们的广泛关注。实践证明实施雨水利用是解决城市水问题的有效手段。北京市属于人类活动强烈影响下的资源型重度缺水大都市，水问题可以概括为水少，水多，水脏。本文阐述了城市雨水利用的内涵，探讨了城市雨水利用的国内外研究进展。将北京市雨水利用分为3个发展阶段，起步探索阶段（1981年～1999年），深入研究与示范工程阶段（2000年～2005年），大范围推广实施阶段（2006年至今）。北京市2007年共完成267项新建雨水利用工程，雨水利用主要包括三大主要类型（集蓄、渗透、综合利用）；空间分布特征表明，郊区多于城区，郊区以蓄水池为主，城区以入渗为主；成本效益分析结果表明动态收益，费用比值a（EV／PV=2．81）大于1．0，雨水利用综合效益非常显著。最后，通过对北京市雨水利用情况的分析，认为雨水利用过程中还存在“四多四少”问题，即行政命令多，市场调节少；利用的“点”多，“面”少；关注“量”多，“质”少；宣传多，规范少。因此，在今后的雨水利用中，需要加强经济杠杆调节的力度，注重雨水的联合利用和水质控制，完善雨水利用相关技术规范。
Beijing has been facing the shortage, excess, pollution of water resources due to population explosion and continuously rapid economic growth. Meanwhile, rapid urbanization in past about 20 years will cause heat island effect, resulted in urban-flooding and posed threat to the safety of people＇s lives and assets. With the increasingly severe water shortage, urban flood control pressure, and environmental deterioration, urban rainwater utilization became one of the keys to solve water resources problems in urban area. AS a traditional old technology, modern rainwater utilization is a multi-science related to hydrology, geography, hydrochemistry, engineering etc. The concept of urban rainwater utilization was discussed, followed by progress of international urban rainwater harvesting research in recent years. In Beijing, there is great potential of rainwater utilization as an effective measure to resolve water issues. The history of rainwater utilization in Beijing can be classified three phases, experiment and research phase （1981 - 1999）, deep study and demonstration projects promotion （2000 - 2005）, and comprehensive application phase （2006-now）. Taking 273 rainwater utilization projects finished in 2007 as an example, urban rainwater utilization style was classified into three main categories , which are rainwater direct harvesting, rainwater infiltration system, and rainwater comprehensive utilization. Meanwhile, rainwater utilization distribution was analyzed, which shows more projects in urban area than suburb area, more rainwater infiltration system in urban area and more rainwater tanks in suburb area. Based on discount rate i = 7%, design lifetime n = 20a, the results of cost-benefit analysis shows benefit index （ a = EV/PV） reached 2.81, which indicates these rainwater utilization projects are very economical. Eventually, based on the practices of rainwater utilization in Beijing, four following problems were put forward. 1） Promotion of rainwater utilization depended on corresponding administrative decree, not market adjustment; 2） More rainwater utilization projects served only one company, not server companies or a region; 3） More attention was paid to rainwater quantity, while rainwater quality attracted less attention; 4） There are more propaganda measures to promote rainwater utilization than regulations and standards. Therefore, we should strengthen economic lever, pay more attention to rainwater utilization for server companies and water quality issues, and constitute corresponding laws and regulations to improve overall water-saving level of Beijing in the future.
出处
《资源科学》
CSSCI
CSCD
北大核心
2008年第7期990-998,共9页
Resources Science
基金
国家重点基础研究发展计划(973)项目:“海河流域水循环演变机理与水资源高效利用--城市二元水循环系统演化与安全高效用水机制”(编号:2006CB403407)
关键词
雨水利用
利用类型
成本效益分析
北京市
Rainwater utilization
Style of utilization
Cost-benefit analysis
Beijing
