8Loewe, The Men who Governed China:Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han,and Xin Periods (Leiden: Brill, 2004), p. 47.
9Shigeta Atsushi, The Origan andStructure of Gentry Rule: State and Society in China, Japanese Perspectives on Ming - Qing Social and Economic History, edited by Linch Grove and Christian Daniels (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1984): 335-86; 351.
10Thomas Metzger, The Internal Organization of Ch' ing Bureaucracy : Legal, Normative, and Comnumication Aspects (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 37.
