3Shu SA,Ezra Y,Samuecoff A.Early treatment of gestational diabetes reduces the rate of fetal macrosomia.Am J Perinatol,1997,14(5):253
4Andreelli F,Plotton I,Arnould P,et al.Are conventional targets for metabolic control sufficient top revent fetal macrosomia during diabetic pregnancy.Diabetes Metab,1999,25(4):341
5Romoff A.Shoulder dystocia:lessons from the past and emerging concepts.Clin Obstet Gynecol,2000,43(2):226
9O'leary JA,Leonetti HB.Shoulder dystocia:prevention and treatment.Am J Obstet Gynecol,1990,162(1):5
10Riska A,Laine H,Voutilainen P.Estimation of fetal shoulder width by measurement of the humerospinors distance by ultrasound.Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol,1996,7(4):272
3Mocanu EV, Greene RA, Byme BM,et al.Obstetric and neonatalout come of babies weighting more than 4.5kg an analysis by parity[J]. Eur J Gynaecol oncol, 2000,92 : 229.
4Sacks DA ,Chen W.Estim ating fetal weight in them anagement of macrosomia[J].Obstet Gynecol Surv, 2000,55 : 229.
5Owen J, eely C, Northen A.Transperineal versus endovaginal Ultrasonog- raphic examination of the cerrix in the miatrimester:a blinded comparison[J].Am J Obstet Gyneco, 1999,181 : 780.
