1Chu CC, Chen JY , Chen CS, et al. The efficacy and safety of transnasal butorphanol for postoperative pain control following lower laparoscopic surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan,2004,42(4):203-207.
2Preston PG. Epidural anesthesia with fentanyl and lidocaine for casarean section maternal effects and neonatal outcome. Anesthesiology, 1998 ,68: 938.
3Vogelsang J. Hayes SR. Butorphanol tartrate (stadol) : a review. J Post Anesth Nurs 1991, 6 (2) : 29-35.
4Gambling DR. howell P. Hupere. Epidural butorphanol doesnot reduce side effects from epidural morphine after cesareao birth. Anesth Analg , 1994, 78 (6) 1099-1104.
5Chaney MA . Side effects of intrathecal postoperative nausea and nomiting. Br J Anesth , 1995, 42 : 891 - 903.
3Dennis MJ, Foster MC, Ryan JJ, et al. The increasing impor- tance of chronic rejection as a cause of renal allograft failure[J]. Transpl Int,1989,2(4) :214 -217.
5Dunteman E, Karanikolas M, Filos KS. Transasal butorphanol forthe treatment of opioid-induced pruritus unresponsive to antihista-miner [J]. J Pain symptom Manage, 1996,12(4): 255-260.
6Wetehler BV, Alexander CD,Shariff MS, et al. A comparison of re-covery in outpatients receiving fentanyl versus those receiving bo-torphanol [J]. Clin Anesth, 1989, 1(5): 339-343.
