摘要
宋朝卖官可分为制度性卖官和官员私下卖官两类。宋朝设置卖官制度,既与它崇尚文官政治有关,更与它解决财政窘急颇多关涉,故进纳授官成了宋朝卖官的主要形式。进纳人按其阶级成份,主要为乡村户中的地主和坊郭户中的富商,但由于宋朝历代对进纳得官者限制很严,所卖之官主要是虚衔,导致进纳人在官场颇受歧视,不过他们有时倚势横行,实力不可低估。而与进纳制度不同,官员的私下纳赂卖官,出售的则是实职的差遣。举凡大臣、宦官、将帅、人事部门官吏等,均不乏私下卖官自肥者,尤其自宋徽宗以降直至宋亡,私下卖官之风日益炽盛,官场腐败实与私下滥卖官衔有莫大干系。
There are two kinds of way to sell official positions in the Song Dynasty, one is institutional selling, the other is selling in private by officials. The instalment of system of selling official positions has something to do with advocating civil polities, furthermore, it also relates to national financial predicament, therefore, conferring post by paying became the main form of selling official positions in the Song Dynasty. Landlords in the countryside and rich businessmen in Fang Guo Hu（坊郭户 ）are the main persons who got ranks by paying . The central governments restricted those people strictly and the post they got are mostly nominal ranks, so they were discriminated at the officialdom. However, sometimes their strength can not be underestimated. The posts sold by officials in private are usually actual appointment. The trend of selling ranks prevails increasingly from emperor Huizong onwards till the death of the Song Dynasty, and the corruption of officialdom is closely connected with selling official positions in secret.
出处
《史学集刊》
CSSCI
北大核心
2006年第4期60-78,共19页
Collected Papers of History Studies
关键词
卖官
鬻爵
等级授职制
selling official position
conferring ranks for money
appointing post according to grade
