摘要
火灾烟气毒性定量评价是毒理学研究的一个新兴领域。烟气毒性与建筑材料、燃烧条件、烟气毒物在建筑物内的传播规律及暴露时间有关,这些都是传统毒理学评价方法难以解决的问题。烟气毒性定量评价的目的是通过建立数学模型,以最少的动物试验,从宏观上更加定量化、系统化地评价和预测火灾烟气毒性。本文介绍了国外火灾烟气毒性定量评价的标准、烟气定量评价的数学模型,评述了这些模型的适用范围和优缺点,分析了火灾烟气毒性定量评价的发展方向。
This article is aimed at presenting the authors＇ review of the quantitative approach to the assessment of toxic potency on smoking fire for it is a newly developed field of combustion toxicology. Some toxic gases from the fire are material-dependent while others rely on the actual combustion conditions, still some others may be dependent on both of them. However, all the ways of fire smoking diffusion in the room condition and during the exposure time are closely related to the nature of the fire smoke toxicity. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately predict the complicated components of fire smoke toxicity in traditional ways for toxicity analysis. To change the situation, most researchers nowadays prefer to give quantitative assessment based on the development of the mathematically simulated models, trying to make systematic account for and predict the practical fea- tures of the smoking fire toxicity in particular cases and minimize the needs of the experimental animals to be tested. In our research, we have developed N-gas, FED and TGAS Models to get smoke toxicity data for fire hazard analysis. The so-called N-gas Model is used to assess the toxicity of complex fire gas mixture based on a database of experimental results of individual and mixed gases including CO, CO2, reduced O2, HCN, HC1, HBr and NOx. The assessment is then checked with a small number of testing animals and a rough value of LC50 will then be determined. The FED Model relies on the concept of the Fractional Effective Dose （FED） for asphyxiant gases and the Fractional Effective Concentration （FEC） for irritant gases. The effects of asphyxiants and irritants can then be assessed separately. Although FED values and FEC values are all additive with each other, they cannot be combined. TGAS Model can only provide an estimate of the probability of immediate incapacitation from internal dose normalized by the body mass that allows extrapolation from small animals to human beings, which could be used to assess incapacitation risk in human subjects from toxic gas inhalation. The model assessments prove to be well matched with animal incapacitation analysis both for single and combined gases. And, finally, the paper has also made a detailed discussion on the application ranges, advantages and advantages of the above models, which may be useful for further research on the developmental trend of quantitative assessment on fire smoking toxicity in the future.
出处
《安全与环境学报》
CAS
CSCD
2005年第4期101-105,共5页
Journal of Safety and Environment
基金
国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(2001CB40960501)
关键词
毒理学
火灾
烟气毒性
定量评价
数学模型
toxicology
fire
fire gases toxicity
quantitative assessment
mathematical models
