摘要
目的:分析幸灾乐祸情感反应具有内隐性,并探讨利益关系和优劣势对比对个体间幸灾乐祸情感反应的影响。方法:于2004-03/05以西南师范大学一年级大学生60人为被试,以故事情景及形容词表为测试内容。实验以高考前选拔保送生为背景设计3种不同的故事情境。情境1中的人物之间存在优劣势对比,情境2中的人物之间存在利益关系,情境3中的人物之间没有优劣势对比和利益关系。按照情景将被试分为3组,每组又分为A、B2个小组,男女生各5人。形容词表的制作:由2名中文系大四学生根据10名心理学院大四学生分析假设的故事情境可能引起的情感反应拟出表示情感反应的形容词,并从中筛选出常见通俗的,如“高兴的”、“得意的”、“难过的”、“愤怒的”和“惋惜的”三个字的形容词各10个。并运用Delphi7.0软件对形容词表进行编程。采用启动范式进行实验,即先让被试根据假设的故事情境进行想象,并书面报告自己的感想,然后让被试对表示不同情感的形容词进行记忆和再现。根据书面报告的内容分类,被试报告的感想中只有“高兴”、“满意”等情感的归为“明确表示高兴”一类,没有对结果直接表示态度而提出一些观点的归为“没有直接表态”一类,既对不幸者表示同情又还有其他情感的归为“感情复杂”一类。结果:参加实验的60人无脱落,所得数据全部进入结果分析。①书面报告的感想:被试在书面报告中对遭到不幸的人表示出较多的同情,报告“明确表示高兴”的感想的被试仅为5%(3/60);“没有直接表态”的占18.3%(11/60);76.7%(46/60)的被试所报告的感想属于“感情复杂”型。②各组被试对各类形容词的再现情况:各组中表示“高兴的”形容词被再现的个数均显著地多于表示“得意的”形容词被再现的个数,表示“高兴的”形容词在1,3组再现情况差异无显著性,在2组被再现的个数显著地多于3组(5.40,4.00,F=3.733,P.=.03<.05),采用单因素方差分析表明男女被试对各类形容词的再现情况的差异都不显著,尤其是表示“高兴的”形容词在性别上的差异亦不显著(F=1.542,P=0.219>0.050),说明性别不影响个体间幸灾乐祸情感反应的产生。③形容词再现的顺序效应检验:t检验结果表明各类形容词的再现情况在词表呈现顺序上的差异都不显著,体现在表示“高兴的”形容词在词表呈现顺序上的差异也不显著F=1.411,P=0.240,说明实验中没有产生顺序效应。结论:实验结果表明被试所产生的幸灾乐祸情感反应具有内隐性;当个体间存在利益关系时最容易产生幸灾乐祸情感反应;优劣势对比不影响个体间幸灾乐祸情感反应产生的强度。实验中没有出现性别差异。
AIM： To analyze the tacit of schadenfreude between individuals, and investigate the influence of benefit, superiority and inferiority on schadenfreude.METHODS： From March to May 2005, 60 frosh of Southwest Normal University took part in the study, which used story scenes and adjective list as the testing contents. Three story scenes were designed about recommending students for admission to school： there was contrast of superiority and inferiority between characters in the first scene; characters had relationship on benefit with each other in the second scene; characters in the third scene had neither contrast of superiority and inferiority nor relationship on benefit. According to these scenes, the subjects were divided into 3 groups, and each group was divided into team A and team B, each had 5 males and 5 females. The establishment of adjective list： 10 senior students in the School of Psychology analysed the kinds of emotion possibly caused by these assumptive scenes, and then 2 senior students of the Department of Chinese drafted the adjectives related to the kinds of emotion; Finally, 10 of the most familiar ones with 3 Chinese characters, which expressed the emotions of “cheerful or glad”, “complacent”, “sad”, “angry” and “regretful”,were picked out and then programmed with the Delphi 7.0 software. This study adopted a priming paradigm in which the subjects were asked to imagine basing on the assumptive scenes and to report their sentiments firstly, and then to memory and reproduce the adjectives. According to the contents of written report, the subjects only had the emotions of “cheerful or glad” and “complacent” were sorted as “expressing glad definitely”; Those did not express their attitude directly but raised some ideas were sorted as“not declare definitely”; Those showed both sympathy and other emotions to the unfortunate neonle were sorted as “complex sentiments”.RESULTS： All the data of the 60 subjects were effectual and involved in the analysis of results. ① Written reported sentiments： Subjects expressed more sympathy to the unfortunate people in their written reports： 5% （3/60）of them belonged to “expressing glad definitely”, 18.3% （11/60） belonged to “not declare definitely” and 76.7% （46/60） belonged to “complex sentiments”. ② Reproduced adjectives in each group： The number of the reproduced adjectives which meant “cheerful or glad” was obviously more than that of “complaeent”; There was no significant difference in the number of the adjectives which meant “cheerful or glad” reproduced by group one and group three;, but it was significantly more in group two than in group three （5.40, 4.00, F=3.733,P.=.03 〈.05）. Single factor analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference in each kind of adjectives reproduced by males and females, especially in the adjectives which meant “cheerful or glad” （F=1.542, P=0.219 〉 0.050）, it was indicated that gender had no influence on the occurrence of schadenfreude between individuals. ③ Order effect on the reproduction of adjectives： The results of the t test showed that there was no significant difference in the order of the adjective reproduction in the list, which was manifested by the insignificant difference in the order of the adjectives which meant“cheerful or glad” （F=l.411, P=0.240）, it was indicated that there was no order effect on the reproduction of each kind of adjectives.CONCLUSION： It is testified and assured that there is tacit of schadenfreude between individuals; Schadenfreude occurs the most easily when there is relationship on benefit between individuals; The comparison of superiority and inferiority between individuals does not affect the intensity of schadenfreude between individuals.There is no gender difference in this study.
出处
《中国临床康复》
CSCD
北大核心
2005年第20期102-104,共3页
Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation
基金
国家级重点学科项目(西国重04024)~~
