摘要
美国在历史上也曾经历过一个严重的腐败时期 ,这一时期是通过文官改革运动和进步主义的城市改革运动等社会改革运动来结束的。这些运动推动了行政部门结构性的变化 ,使政府改变了公共事务的管理方式。建立旨在进行自我约束的“政府道德标准”自第二次世界大战结束后被看作反腐败的一个主要措施。与此同时 ,美国政府还逐步设立了监督执行道德标准的机构 ,其主要关注在于事先预防 ,而不是事后惩罚。而国会制定的《政府道德法》成为对政府道德的法律制约。该法在 1 989年被扩大到适用于立法部门和司法部门。国会道德规则的改革围绕着禁止国会议员接受酬金进行。在美国 ,由于私人经济部门中的行政人员和政府官员之间的职位转换是惯常现象 ,防止“利益冲突”就成为防止腐败的一个关键。防止腐败并不仅仅依赖于政府官员的个人道德 ,更重要的是依赖法律和规章。
There was a period of ethical degeneration in public service in America during the nineteenth century similar to what other countries have experienced at various times. This trend of degeneration was halted by reform in civil service and municipal reform in the progressive movement, which led to certain structural changes in administrative departments and changes in the way the government managed public affairs. The establishment of ethical standards in the federal government has been a major part of efforts to reduce corruption since the end of the Second World War. In addition, agencies have been created to monitor the implementation of ethical standards, aiming more at prevention than punishment. The Ethics in Government Act, passed in 1962, codifies standards of government ethics for the executive branch. In 1989, the Act was expanded in its applicability to the legislative and judicial branches. Throughout the American ethics reform movement, one of the most important themes has been the prevention of conflicts of interest.
出处
《美国研究》
CSSCI
北大核心
2004年第3期45-68,共24页
The Chinese Journal of American Studies
