摘要
森林生态系统对降水的截留、分配与拦截一般通过降水在森林生态系统中的乔木层、灌草植物、枯落物和土壤等组分间的转移过程来实现,阐明森林生态系统各组分对降水的分配效应是正确评估森林水文效应的关键。本文系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对降水分配效应的国内外主要研究成果,并指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力方向。对乔木层的大量观测研究表明,林冠截留率在9 0%～69 1%左右,树干茎流率在0%～5%间,并受森林类型、林分特征以及降水事件等因素的综合影响。林下灌草层、枯落物层以及土壤层对降水的截留分配研究不足,还难于得出可靠的结论,已经制约着我们对整个森林生态系统对降水的分配截留效应的评估。森林对降水分配过程的建模及其优化研究相对缺乏,这无法使研究结果由点向面进行尺度转换和应用。目前已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段,缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究,也很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析,限制了我们对森林生态系统水文过程的内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估。强化对目前最薄弱的环节———灌草层、凋落物层、土壤以及整个系统对降水的分配截留贮存效应的综合定量监测与建模研究是阐明森林水文效应的关键。
Forest ecosystems controlled and intercepted precipitation often by forest crown, tree trunks, shrubs, herbs, litter and soil. It is key to understand the allocation effects of all components in forest ecosystems to rainfall for assessing the hydrological service functions of forests. In the paper interception effects of forest ecosystems to precipitation by tree layer, undergrowth, the litter and the soil were reviewed in order to find out the existing problems and promote further research. Large amount of works focusing on the tree layer displayed forest canopy could intercept about 9.0%～69.1% of rainfall and tree trunks captured 0%～5%. There were many factors influencing the allocation process synthetically, including forest types, structural features and precipitation characteristics. Insufficient works on undergrowth and soil layer resulted that effects of the whole forest ecosystems to allocate rainfall kept poorly understood. Most researches focused on the experimental observations and the phenomenon explanation and neglected the researches on the allocation process and reasonable simulation models on forest ecosystem controlling precipitation restricting us to understand the mechanisms and the nature of forest ecosystem to allocate precipitation. In order to expound the interception effects of forest ecosystems to rainfall, the important works are to study rainfall allocation by undergrowth (herbs and shrubs), litter, soil and the whole forest ecosystems and to integrate all factors to develop simulation models for explaining the process and mechanism of forest ecosystem controlling precipitation.
出处
《山地学报》
CSCD
2004年第4期483-491,共9页
Mountain Research
基金
中国科学院知识创新工程项目(KSCX1-07-01)
国家科技攻关项(2001BA606A-05-03)
中国科学院茂县山地生态系统定位研究站共同资助。~~
关键词
森林
生态系统
降水
截留效应
Forest ecosystem
effect of interception
rainfall
influencing factors
