摘要
大墩子遗址位于苏鲁边境,属江苏邳县,在县北40余公里,南距邳县四户镇3.5公里,北距山东苍山县小湖子约3公里(图一,右上角)。它是1962年12月发现的。遗址所在是一片平原。东有大道口、西北有竹园、西南有小冯家三个村庄,与遗址相距均在1公里左右。附近有东泇河、西泇河和宋家沟。东泇河现名文河。
The Ta Tun Tzu site lies near Ssu Hu Chen which is about forty kilometres north of the county seat of P'ei Hsien in Kiangsu Province. Its remains spread over an earthen terrace of about 50,000 square metres in area and 4.3 metres in height.In the months of November and December, 1963, trial diggings of a modest scale were carried out at the site by the Nanking Museum. These led to the cutting of five test trenches with a total area of 128 square metres.The deposits found in the test trenches as well as their stratifications are largely similar, attaining a maximun thickness of 5.45 metres and a minimun thickness of 2.2 metres. The first layer is made up by top soil. The second layer which represents the upper layer of the cultural deposits belongs to the Liu Lin type of the Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture. The third layer which represents the lower layer of the cultural deposits belongs to the Ch'ing Lien Kang type of the Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture.The upper cultural layer has yielded a total of forty two tombs which are crowded together in a very small area and are often stacked upon one another in layers. Judging by the tomb furniture they contain and stratigraphical evidences, twenty seven belong to the Liulin type of Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture while fifteen belong to the Hua T'ing type of the Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture. These are all single burials and except for one case in which the dead is buried in a flexed position, the bodies are all interred in a supine extended position with the head pointing to the east. The tomb furniture usually ranges in number from two to ten but one tomb contains as many as more than sixty pieces. In two cases, the dead is further accompanied by a dog victim.In the past, the three sites of the Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture excavated in northern Kiangsu at Ch'ing Lien Kang in Huaian County, Liulin in P'ei Hsien, and Hua T'ing Village in Hsinyi County were characterized by some common features but at the same time each of them also exhibited some unique characteristics. The present site has yielded cultural deposits of both the Ch'ing Lien Kang and Liulin types and tombs of the Liulin and Hua T'ing types. Stratigraphically speaking, the cultural layer of the Ch'ing Lien Kang type lies at the bottom of the deposits and is overlaid by the cultural layer of the Liulin type. The tombs of both the Liulin and Hua T'ing types are found in the cultural layer of the Liulin type but the tombs of the Liulin type are overlaid by those of the Hua T'ing type. All this seems to suggest that in this area the remains of the Ch'ing Lien Kang type is the oldest of three types. Next come the remains of the Liulin type while those of the Hua T'ing type represent the youngest. In other words, these three types represent three different stages of the Ch'ing Lien Kang Culture. In terms of relative age, the remains of the Ch'ing Lien Kang type in this region are probably contemporaneous with the Yangshao Culture of the Central Plains while those of the Liulin type are slightly later than the Yangshao Culture. As the remains of the Hua T'ing type are slightly later than those of the Liulin type, they are probably contemporaneous with the early stage of the Lungshan Culture in the Central Plains.The people of this site were probably farmers. Among the objects unearthed at the site are stone spades, adzes and knives, bone sickles, curved harvesting implements made of the river deer's fangs, as well as stone rollers used in processing grain. Pigs and dogs were probably already domesticated. The presence of arrowheads, harpoons, net sinkers, and the remains of deer, river deer, ox, turtoise, freshwater mussels and fish show that hunting and fishing still played a definite role in the life of the people.The difference in the amount of tomb furniture found in the tombs of both the Liulin and Hua T'ing types points to the differentiation of the rich and poor and the existence of private ownership. But the fact that the rich tombs are also provided with implements of production or even tools and raw materials used in the manufacture of implements of production shows that the rich also took part in productive labors. The use of a common cemetery also suggests that they probably enjoyed an equal social status.
出处
《考古学报》
1964年第2期9-56,205-222,共66页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
