摘要
一、实驗方法 (一) 陶片的来源及其外貌观察中国科学院考古研究所从1961年以来。
In these studies, a total of sixty nine sherds dating from the Neolithic and the Yin and Chou times were investigated in detail.By way of exterior observation, sometimes conducted with the aid of streographic microscope, the general technical features of the sherds, including color, surface treatment, marks of the potter's wheel, traces of shaping, as well as the characteristics of cord and basket impressions, have been carefully noted and compared with some modern parallels.The chemical compositions of twenty three sherds, as well as those of the loess and natural clays collected near the provenances of ancient sherds have been carefully analyzed. The data obtained are plotted on a chemical composition diagram in order to determine the possible sources of raw materials used by the ancient potters. The chief chemical constituents of the glaze, the grog, and the pigments fo und on the surface of the painted wares have also been collected and analyzed thr ough the spectrographic method. The micro-structures, mineral compositions and physical properties of some of the sherds have likewise been determined. The firing temperature and the kiln atmosphere intended for the sherds were obtained respectively from the high temperature expansion curve and the reduction ratio(Fe^(++)/Fe^(+++).In the course of these studies, the authors have conducted a series of interesting experiments, including the laboratory manufacture of the black 'egg-shell' ware with lustrous surface, and of red and grey wares with cord or basket impressions. The art of the potter as practised by some national minorities in Yunnan has also provided some useful comparisons.On the basis of these studies, the authors have drawn the following conclusions:(1) The chemical composition diagram of sherds, loess and clays shows that the loess contains a much larger amount of CaO than the sherds and is generally poorer in plasticity. In spite of the wide distribution of loes in North China, the ancient potters used natural clays instead in the manufacture of the red, grey and black wares. On the other hand, the Shang-Yin white ware was made of china clay and kaolin. A photograph of one of the white ware sherds taken from an electron microscope reveals the presence of kaolinite. The glazes of the Yin and Chou glazed pottery were found to have contained as much as 16-21% of CaO.These are probably the forerunners of the well-known celadon glaze of later periods.(2)The bulk of Neolithic and Yin and Chou pottery was ring-built but their shapes were often improved on a turn-table.(3)As early as the Yangshao stage of the Neolithic Age, the art of the potter had already attained a very high level. The first apperance of pottery can probably be traced back to an even earlier period.(4)Early acquitance with china clay, kaolin, and glaze and the use of high temperature furnaces in the Yin and Chou times had laid the foundation for the subsequent invention of porcelain in China.(5)The red, grey and black wares were fired on average between 950-1050℃.But the Eastern Chou glazed pottery unearthed at Houma, Shansi Province was fired at 1,230℃.(6)Laboratory experiments and observations conducted on modern parallels have shed much new light on the technology of the black 'egg-shell' ware. Its lustre was obtained through polishing with a pebble while the paste was still damp.The'smoking'process carried out in the furnace at the end of the firing enabled the carboneous soots to penetrate into the pores of the vessel, thus giving a black appearence to it.(7)The late Shang-Yin glazed pottery bears a certain resemblance to the Eastern Chou glazed pottery and the celadons of later periods in regard to chemical composition of the paste, glaze and other features. It is possible that they are some what related to one another.
出处
《考古学报》
1964年第1期1-27,132-139,共35页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
