摘要
中国科学院考古研究所长江流域考古队於1955年起,在武昌西150公里的京山县屈家岭发掘出新石器时代的红烧土中的稻穀壳很多。其後又在天门县石家河(武昌西110公里)和武昌洪山放鹰台等新石器时代遗址中续有发现。同时出土的石刀、石斧和陶器等很多。这三个地方都在广阔的江汉平原范围内,地势约高出海平面50—100米,适於农耕活动。考古队综合其它出土遗物,认为这一发现应属於新石器时代末期原始父系氏族社会时代,约比黄河流域的仰韶文化和龙山文化为晚,距今尚不及四千年。据考古队的意见,这个红烧土是新石器时代末期建筑物的主要材料,即将穀壳和草类羼入泥中,作成房子後,为了更加牢固,特加火烧成红色坚硬的土块,因而形成红烧土。
Since 1955, Neolithic rice husks contained in baked red clay (Fig. 1), have beensuccessively unearthed by the Yangtze Valley Archaeological Team of the Institute of Ar-chaeology, Academia Sinica at the following sites in Hupei: Ch'u Chla Ling (屈家岭)inChin Shah County (京山县); Shih Chia Ho (石家河) in Tien Men County (天门县)and Fang Ying T'ai (放鹰台) in the city of-Wu Han (武汉市). The results of an ex-amination of ten relatively complete husks indicate that the average grain shape is 6.97mm. long, and 3.41 mm. wide, with a length to width ratio of 2.01 (Tab. 1). Onthe husk surface, there are uniform square-shaped granular convexes. Prominant fine hairsappear on both the husk surface and the ridges. In the baked red clay short and big awnfragments are observed, (Fig. 2, 3 and 5). The appearance of these rice husks resembles the Keng subspecies (O.S.f. SpontaneaRoschev. subsp. Keng Ting) of the present day; but differs entirely from the Hsien sub-species (O.S.f. Spontanea Roschev. subsp. Hsien Ting). In some Hsien varieties, thereare round and large grains with stiff and rough awns; but plentiful growth of fine longhairs on the husk surface has never been reported. From the practice of the standardclassification of cultivated rice plants to-day, it is readily concluded that the rice husksin the baked red clay belong to the Keng varieties. Other relics found in the Han Dynasty (25--220 A. D.) tombs of at Loyang in 1953 also contain rice husks. The shape and hair growth of these husks indicate that theyare likewise of the Keng type (Fig. 6). According to the study of the Expedition, these excavated relics probably belong tosome primitive clans of the late Neolithic which are later than the Yang Shao Cultureof the Yellow River Valley. This seems to indicate that the Keng varieties werecultivated on a considerable scale in Hupei at a very early date. The present investigationsshow that tha Keng varieties of Hupei may have a certain pedigree relationship withthose found in the Han tombs of Loyang and the Yellow River Valley, as well as withthose discovered at the Yang Shao Sites. It is believed that more finds of such ricehusks will be reported from both the Yangtze and Yellow River Valleys. Further studiesbased on such material will throw much new light upon the history of the Chinese ricecultivation and agricultural achievements.
出处
《考古学报》
1959年第4期31-34,110-111,共6页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
