摘要
1955年10月初,中山大学地理系教师黄玉昆带领二年级学生前往南海县西樵山进行地质实习,在山的东、西麓发现了部分打制石器;同年10月21日,中山大学由梁钊韬、方瑞廉、李见贤组成一个调查组,和广东省博物馆由梁明燊、彭如策另组成一个调查组,分别到上述地方进行了为时3天的调查,发现了石器地点9处,并由中山大学调查组根据他们所获得的资料,编写成广东南海县西樵山石器的初步调查一文,在中山大学学报1959年第1期内发表;1958年12月14日广东省博物馆、广州市文物管理委员会和南海县文教局派至维、黎金、关沃培等8同志组成一个调查组,复到上述地点进行了为时4天的复查,除采集了大量的石器之外,还新发现了有极为丰富文化遗物的第十、第十一地点两处;
Hsi Ch'iao Shan lies about seventy kilometers to the southwest of the city of Canton Some.what circular in shape and measuring four kilometers in diameter, it is an isolated volcanic hillstanding in the midst of a fluvial plain. The specimens under discussion have been collected fromthe low-lying slopes of this hill. Since October, 1955 successive investigations have been conducted in the area by the Chung-Shah University, the Kwangtung Provincial Museum and the CPAM of the City of Canton. Asa result fourteen sites were found to contain stone implements and two of them, sites No. 10 andNo. 11, have also been excavated. The specimens collected from these fourteen sites show that some of them belong to a culturewhich is quite different from the well-known Neolithic culture found in Kwangtung and thesoutheastern coastal region of China and characterized by the hard pottery with impressed geo-metric design. Judged by the techniques involved in making these implements as well as by theircontemporaneous potsherds, they represent several different stages in the development of this culture.The earliest of them is found at site No. 2 where the technique is of a more primitive kindproducing only flake and core implements. Their shapes include celt, point, scraper, chopper,arrowhead, etc. Apparently, direct flaking with a hammerstone is the first step involved inmaking these implements which bear deep but short scars The second step is pressure flakingwhich is usually applied on one side only. Significantly, no potsherds have been uncovered atthis site. The artifacts unearthed at sites Nos. 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, II and 14 include both chipped andpolished implements. Here, the flaking technique is clearly more advanced for the majority of theimplements have been processed on both sides and nearly all over the entire surface. Theirshapes are also a bit more complicated, including celt, point, spearhead, arrowhead, blade, scraper,chopper, etc. Some of the implements, such as the celt, blade (both crescent and triangularshaped) and grindstone, have been further polished either along the cutting edge or on theshoulders while a few appear to have been polished all over the body. However, the polishingwas done in a very crude manner. All the eight sites in this group have yielded potsherds,though in very small numbers. They belong to either of the following two types of ware: 1)coarse sandy ware with either black or red paste, the eutside being either red or white; and,2) a finer ware with either yellow or grey paste, the outside being either red or greyish-white.Both are hand-made and low-fired, with polished surface. A few are further decorated withimpressed basket or dot design. The specimens found at sites Nos. 3, 8, 9, 12 and 13 are largely similar to those uncoveredfrom other sites in the delta of central Kwangtung. Here, the stone implements are of a moreadvanced type. Among the eight pieces collected are such shapes as the celt, adze and grind-stone. Only site No. 12 of the group yields potsherds which belong to a grey ware with im-pressed trellis design. Although no excavation has been conducted at the site yet, the absence of polished stone im- plements and potsherds as well as the crudeness of the workmanship of the former seem toindicate that site No. 2 is probably the oldest of the fourteen sites, attributable to the earlyNeolithic or perhaps even earlier. Next come the eight sites in the second group where potteryand polished implements began to appear alongside chipped implements. Besides, there is also amarked improvement in the workmanship of the stone implements. On the other hand, the finepolished implements and the pottery with impressed trellis design collected at the sites Nos. 3,8, 9, 12 and 13 bear a certain resemblance to those found in the other Neolithic sites of Kwang-tung and the southeastern coastal region of China and characterized by the hard pottery with im-pressed geometric design. It, therefore, stands to reason that this group of five sites is of a laterdate. The most common stone implements found at Hsi Ch'iao Shan is the shouldered celt, eitherchipped or polished. The fact that this shouldered celt is a typical implement of all the Neolithicsites in Central Kwangtung may be taken as a good indication that the Hsi Ch'iao Shan sitesbelong to the same main culture group as the others, though their date might be a bit earlier. That the people of the Hsi Ch'iao Shan sites lived on hunting and fishing as well as ongathering is amply borne out by the presence of large quantity of such implements as the point,spearhead, arrowhead etc. However, the abundance of stone knives and celts of various typesalso shows that they must have practiced some sort of farming as well.
出处
《考古学报》
1959年第4期1-15,98-103,共21页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
