摘要
一九七八年五月,湖北省随县曾侯墓出土一套青铜编钟,悬挂在曲尺形三层钟架上,架的横梁即钟虡为木制,梁柱即钟笋系青铜铸造的佩剑武士。三层共计六十四枚钟。另有一镈,悬于下层居中,铸铭三十一字:"唯王五十又六祀,返自西(?),楚王舍章作曾侯乙宗彝,(宀奠)寞之于西(?),其永时用享。"楚王酓章即楚惠王熊章,则此五十六祀即楚惠王五十六年,为公元前433年。估计这六十四枚编钟的铸造年代与曾侯乙镈不应相去过远,大体上是春秋战国之际的铸品。每一层各组音色不相同,中间一层三组为实际演奏所用,各组的数目是11:10:10。下层大钟音低而洪亮,有人认为和声之用。这批钟在中国音乐史上是一次空前的大发现,在世界考古史上恐怕也是罕见的,需要作许多深入的研究。这批钟无论就形制和乐律(temperament)
A set of sixty-four bronze bells was unearthed from the tomb of the Marquis of Zeng atSui Xian,Hubei Province in May,1978.The sui (隧) and gu (鼓) of the sixty-four bellshave inscriptions that name the notes.As a result,the theory,that these recently discoveredbells produce two frequencies has received exciting confirmation.107 bells in the collection of the Shanghai Museum were tested for their frequencies.These bells ranged in date from Shang through the Warring States period.The following points are confirmed by the test:`(1) The sui and gu notes of Shang and Zhou bells have a definite interval.(2) Thisinterval developed and became more complex as time passed.(3) From the late WesternZhou period,the minor third interval was prominent,and the major third also increased inimportance.To carry out further investigations,we used laser holographic photography to facilitatethe visual display of the vibration patterns of the Shang and Zhou bells.These photo-graphs show the interference patterns of different areas of the bell as they produce differ-ent frequencies.The photographs record both the oscillation amplitude and position.From the photographs,one can see that when the sui is struck,the basic vibrationpattern is the same as that for a true round-section bell.In the photographs,this appearsas loops,both in the frontal and side views.This is the first fundamental and sui note.But if the striking point is changed to a different point around the mouth,eitherone-quarter or three quarters of the way around the face,the vibration pattern becomessegments.These appear as two loops in the photographs taken from the front.This is ano-ther fundamental,the gu-note.The Shang scale used for nao bells was fairly simple.But we cannot completely ex-clude the possibility that the gu notes were used during the Shang,for none of the sets ofnao bells has yet been tested for their gu notes.The conscious use of two frequencies,the sui and gu notes,was already obvious by themid-late Western Zhou period.By investigating bells in Shaanxi,we have obtained thefollowing general results:(1) the Zhou bells of this region did not use the same pitches asthe Shang nao bells,but are related to some Shang nao bells that likewise do not employ the usual Shang pitches.(2) The gu note was already utilized in the middle Western Zhouperiod and the range of pitches in a set was already quite extensive.The late WesternZhou scale was:yu——gong——jiao——zhi——-yu——gong.This would be equivalent tola——do——mi——sol——la——do and (3) We know that the late Western Zhou bells weresets of eight,that the first two bells were not used for their gu notes,and that their scalethus began with the yu note and stopped at the gong note.Thus the range exceeded threeoctabes.The bells from the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at Sui Xian are the largest set yet dis-covered,and are early Warring States period in date.The gu and sui notes of these bellsare clearly indieated.We can approximate their sounds with half-note intervals,the scaleis fairly close to the current half-note scale using twelve notes.The casting of two-pitch bells requires predictable results so that correct intervals areproduced.This means that preparing the mold sections was crucial.Although molds usedto cast Shang and Western Zhou bells have not been discovered,a model for making outermold sections was found at the late Spring and Autumn period foundry site at Houma,Shanxi.The pitches of late Spring and Autumn and Warring States period bells were re-gulated either by tooling or by soldering.Some bells have incorrect pitches due to insuf-ficient strict measures during their manufacture,some examples may be found among theSui Xian bells.
出处
《考古学报》
1981年第1期131-146,167-172,共22页
Acta Archaeologica Sinica
