As the global population grows,the demand for textiles is increasing rapidly.However,this puts immense pressure on manufacturers to produce more fiber.While synthetic fibers can be pro-duced cheaply,they have a negati...As the global population grows,the demand for textiles is increasing rapidly.However,this puts immense pressure on manufacturers to produce more fiber.While synthetic fibers can be pro-duced cheaply,they have a negative impact on the environment.On the other hand,fibers from wool,sisal,fique,wood pulp(viscose),and man-made cellulose fibers(MMCFs)from cotton can-not alone meet the growing fiber demand without major stresses on land,water,and existing markets using these materials.With a greater emphasis on transparency and circular economy practices,there is a need to consider natural non-wood alternative sources for MMCFs to supple-ment other fiber types.However,introducing new feedstocks with different compositions may require different biomass conversion methods.Therefore,based on existing work,this review ad-dresses the technical feasibility of various alternative feedstocks for conversion to textile-grade fibers.First,alternative feedstocks are introduced,and then conventional(dissolving pulp)and emerging(fibrillated cellulose and recycled material)conversion technologies are evaluated to help select the most suitable and promising processes for these emerging alternative sources of cellulose.It is important to note that for alternative feedstocks to be adopted on a meaningful scale,high biomass availability and proximity of conversion facilities are critical factors.In North America,soybean,wheat,rice,sorghum,and sugarcane residues are widely available and most suitable for conventional conversion through various dissolving pulp production methods(pre-hydrolysis kraft,acid sulfite,soda,SO2-ethanol-water,and potassium hydroxide)or by emerging cellulose fibrillation methods.While dissolving pulp conversion is well-established,fibrillated cel-lulose methods could be beneficial from cost,efficiency,and environmental perspectives.Thus,the authors strongly encourage more work in this growing research area.However,conducting thorough cost and sustainability assessments is important to determine the best feedstock and technology combinations.展开更多
Cellulose nano-crystals(CNC)can be tailored for various value-added applications.However,its use in aqueous systems is hampered by its limited dispersability,especially at a high CNC concentration.In this study,the im...Cellulose nano-crystals(CNC)can be tailored for various value-added applications.However,its use in aqueous systems is hampered by its limited dispersability,especially at a high CNC concentration.In this study,the improvement of CNC colloidal stability by surface chemical grafting with polyacrylic acid(PAA)was investigated,and the zeta potential and the charge density of the chemically modified CNC were analyzed.The results showed that an acrylic dosage of 1%(based on the dry weight of CNC)was sufficient to significantly enhance the colloidal stability.CNC,after chemical grafting with PAA,showed better stability against the increase in storage time or solid content of the aqueous medium,compared with the un-modified CNC.展开更多
Biomass solid fuel(BSF)has emerged as a promising renewable energy source,but its morphological and microstructural properties are crucial in determining their physical,mechanical,and chemical characteristics.This pap...Biomass solid fuel(BSF)has emerged as a promising renewable energy source,but its morphological and microstructural properties are crucial in determining their physical,mechanical,and chemical characteristics.This paper provides an overview of recent research on BSF.The focus is on biomass sources,BSF processing methods,and morphological and microstructural properties,with a special emphasis on energy-related studies.Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for the study to ensure relevance.The inclusion criteria encompassed studies about BSFs and studies investigating the influence of biomass sources and processing methods on the morphological and microstructural properties of solid fuels within the past five years.Various technologies for converting biomass into usable energy were discussed,including gasification,torrefaction,carbonization,hydrothermal carbonization(HTC),and pyrolysis.Each has advantages and disadvantages in energy performance,techno-economics,and climate impact.Gasification is efficient but requires high investment.Pyrolysis produces bio-oil,char,and gases based on feedstock availability.Carbonization generates low-cost biochar for solid fuels and carbon sequestration applications.Torrefaction increases energy density for co-firing with coal.HTC processes wet biomass efficiently with lower energy input.Thermal treatment affects BSF durability and strength,often leading to less durability due to voids and gaps between particles.Hydrothermal carbonization alters surface morphology,creating cavities,pores,and distinctive shapes.Slow pyrolysis generates biochar with better morphological properties,while fast pyrolysis yields biochar with lower porosity and surface area.Wood constitutes 67%of the biomass sources utilized for bioenergy generation,followed by wood residues(5%),agro-residues(4%),municipal solid wastes(3%),energy crops(3%),livestock wastes(3%),and forest residues(1%).Each source has advantages and drawbacks,such as availability,cost,environmental impact,and suitability for specific regions and energy requirements.This review is valuable for energy professionals,researchers,and policymakers interested in biomass solid fuel.展开更多
A significant amount of lignin and hemicellulose are dissolved in the hydrothermal treatment of biomass.The hemicellulose can be recovered and utilized for value-added products.The dissolved lignin can undergo depolym...A significant amount of lignin and hemicellulose are dissolved in the hydrothermal treatment of biomass.The hemicellulose can be recovered and utilized for value-added products.The dissolved lignin can undergo depolymerization and condensation reactions,and interferes with the separation and purification process for hemicellulose recovery.This paper investigated the behavior of the lignin extracted from the hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo and its contributions to the physical characteristics of the hydrolysate.It was found that the turbidity of the hydrolysate was strongly associated with the lignin fragments and suspended long chain hemicelluloses.As the lignin depolymerization and condensation reactions occurred simultaneously,the dissolved lignin fractions in the hydrolysate increased first and then decreased.The molecular weight(MW)of the dissolved lignin fragments ranged from 3342~5611 g/mol,with mainly guaiacyl(G)and syringyl(S)unit in the structure.展开更多
Wood-plastic composites(WPCs)combine the advantages of plastics and lumber,however,their progress is slowed by limitations resulting from the properties of plant-based materials(PBMs),the most critical of which is ins...Wood-plastic composites(WPCs)combine the advantages of plastics and lumber,however,their progress is slowed by limitations resulting from the properties of plant-based materials(PBMs),the most critical of which is insufficient thermal stability.The temperature boundary for processing of WPCs is 200℃,as higher temperatures induce PBMs’degradation,yielding odor,uncontrolled darkening,porosity generation,and loss of WPCs’mechanical performance.Going beyond the framework of composites’science and taking a transdisciplinary look at processing degradation leads to very different conclusions.The food sector makes the best of PBMs’degradation,yielding not only indispensable feed but often works of art.Drawing from its experience with the desire to go beyond the state-of-the-art,WPCs need a paradigm shift considering processing degrada-tion.The presented paper proposes the pathway against the flow.Instead of avoiding processing degradation,deliberately inducing and employing it with all the benefits,pushing WPCs toward sustainability by maximizing resource efficiency.Exceeding the temperature limit will enable the use of engineering plastics,which outperform commodity types.Considering PBMs,it will not only unleash the true potential of phytochemicals but also take advantage of the compounds yet to be generated in situ during processing degradation,enriching WPCs with benefits known from the food sector.展开更多
This study aimed to systematically find an alternative solvent to replace hexane for the extraction of bio-oil with high𝛾-oryzanol content from rice bran(RB).The selection involved predicting solubility throug...This study aimed to systematically find an alternative solvent to replace hexane for the extraction of bio-oil with high𝛾-oryzanol content from rice bran(RB).The selection involved predicting solubility through Hansen solubility theory,experimental validation,determination of suitable extraction conditions,and comparison of oil quality with that of conventional hexane.A wide variety of solvents:subcritical water(SCW),supercritical carbon dioxide(SCCO_(2)),bio-based sol-vents(alcohols and terpenes),and liquefied dimethyl ether(LDME),were initially assessed for rice bran oil(RBO)and𝛾-oryzanol solubility using Hansen solubility spheres.Solvents demon-strating high solubility for both RBO and𝛾-oryzanol,including LDME,ethyl acetate,acetone,and others(alcohols and SCCO_(2))known for effective vegetable oil extraction,were selected/identified for experimental extraction comparison.Among these,LDME performed better overall,affording greater solubility and requiring less solvent,shorter duration,lower pressure,and no additional co-solvents for equivalent extractions.Optimal conditions for LDME extraction were identified as 30℃ with a solvent-to-sample ratio of 10 mL/g and an extraction time of 10 min.Oils extracted with LDME and hexane displayed similar fatty acid compositions and no adverse effects on RB protein and carbohydrate structures after LDME extraction were observed.This study demon-strates LDME as a promising alternative to replace hexane for RBO extraction to further valorize this abundant low-cost RB residue into bio-oil and its𝛾γ-oryzanol and de-oil RB co-products.展开更多
In order to maintain soil fertility of Neosinocalamus affinis plantations,fertilizers of N,P,and K were applied.The anatomical and physical-mechanical properties of N.affinis bamboo wood from different fertilization t...In order to maintain soil fertility of Neosinocalamus affinis plantations,fertilizers of N,P,and K were applied.The anatomical and physical-mechanical properties of N.affinis bamboo wood from different fertilization treatments were measured.The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of fertilization practice on the properties of N.affinis bamboo wood.The results revealed that the fertilization of P and K resulted in a slight reduction in fiber length.The application of P,K,and low level(0.3 kg/clump)of N fertilizers had no significant effect on the fiber morphology,while high level(0.9 kg/clump)of N fertilizer contributed to short fibers.The specific gravity was significantly decreased by fertilization,while the volume shrinkage was increased.Since the effect of various fertilization treatments had different influence patterns on the properties of N.affinis,specific evaluations on the quality of the fertilized bamboo wood should be performed prior to its utilization.展开更多
Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deac...Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deacetylation.Depending on the size of mushroom farm,the amount of waste ranges between 5%and 20%of the production volume.The cell wall of the filamentous fungi,a good source of chitin,offers an easy way to extract chitin.The physicochemical character-istics such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of fungal chitosan can be controlled compared to chitosan obtained from crustacean sources.Fungal sourced chitosan can be used in food,pharmaceutical or biomedical applications for different applications,for example,as an antimicrobial agent,coating material,water purification or bio-pesticide.This review mainly fo-cused on the extraction of chitin from mushroom or different fungal sources and also showed some applications of commercial chitosan products.展开更多
Au nanoparticles(AuNPs)were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with NaBH4,and then adsorbed uniformly on the surface of carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose(CNCC).The obtained AuNPs/CNCC particles were doped into a conduct...Au nanoparticles(AuNPs)were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with NaBH4,and then adsorbed uniformly on the surface of carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose(CNCC).The obtained AuNPs/CNCC particles were doped into a conductive polymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)to yield a highly conductive nanocomposite,which was deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode(GCE)by an electrochemical method.The PEDOT/AuNPs/CNCC nanocomposite showed low electrochemical impedance and good electrocatalytic activity toward ascorbic acid.Based on this novel nanocomposite material,an amperometric sensor was developed for the detection of ascorbic acid with a detection limit as low as 0.29μM.When operated at-0.15 V,the sensor detected ascorbic acid in the range of 0.88μM to 15000μM.展开更多
Cellulose paper is the most attractive green packaging material due to its recyclability, renewability, sustainability and biodegradability. In some applications, paper with a high level of water resistance is desirab...Cellulose paper is the most attractive green packaging material due to its recyclability, renewability, sustainability and biodegradability. In some applications, paper with a high level of water resistance is desirable to meet specific requirements in modern packaging fields. This research aimed to develop a water-repelling paper with cost-effective and nontoxic materials. Commercial precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles were modified by stearic acid (SA) and incorporated with soybean oil-based binder as a water repelling coating agent. The water-repelling efficiency of the coated paper was highly dependent on the ratio of SA / PCC as well as the binder content in the coating formula. PCC particles modified with 12wt% SA were efficient in increasing the water contact angle (WCA) of the coated paper to 146° at a coating weight of 5 g/m2. The binder for the coating was synthesized with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) through Michael addition reaction. The triglyceride structure in the polymer chain imparted good bio-degradability to the binder polymer. It was found that surface modification of PCC with stearic acid played an important role in improving the WCA of paper. A super hydrophobic paper with a WCA of 162° was fabricated with a coating formula of 60% SA-modified PCC and 40 wt% AESO-binder.展开更多
Over the last 15 years,significant number of reports on transparent paper and transparent wood appeared in the literature.The light scattering data or transmission data are often given to describe the optical performa...Over the last 15 years,significant number of reports on transparent paper and transparent wood appeared in the literature.The light scattering data or transmission data are often given to describe the optical performance of the material.In addition,the data also contains structural information that can be further analyzed based on scattering theory.Some of the data are re-analyzed herein from structural analysis point of view related to the scattering phenomena.Quantitative analysis on the wavelength dependent optical density of nanopaper suggested that the scatterers are not isolated voids or microfibrils but rather large submicrometric and structural domains.Angular dependence of transparent wood scattering suggests the scattering units of a few micrometers such as cell wall are at the origin of high haze.展开更多
Desertification is one of the severe ecological and environmental issues in the world today.Sand fixation against wind erosion is an effective solution to the problem.In the present study,a novel waterborne polyuretha...Desertification is one of the severe ecological and environmental issues in the world today.Sand fixation against wind erosion is an effective solution to the problem.In the present study,a novel waterborne polyurethane emulsion was prepared as a sand-fixing agent.Lignin and polylactic acid were incorporated as a chain extender and soft segments,respectively.The structure,viscosity and thermal stability of the polyurethane emulsions were studied by FTIR,rheological testing and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The sand fixation properties of the waterborne polyurethane were evaluated in terms of the water retention,compressive strength,thermal stability and anti-wind erosion ability of sand crusts formed by spraying the emulsion on sands.With the increase of lignin content,both the water retention and compressive strength increased with the highest values of 39.22%and 1.13 MPa,respectively.All the sand specimens treated by the waterborne polyurethane presented good thermal stability and wind erosion resistance.展开更多
China is a significant atmospheric carbon dioxide producer.Burning of agricultural waste in China is also a problematic issue,raising environmental and carbon-emission-related concerns.Furthermore,the coal-dependent e...China is a significant atmospheric carbon dioxide producer.Burning of agricultural waste in China is also a problematic issue,raising environmental and carbon-emission-related concerns.Furthermore,the coal-dependent economy is accompanied by the formation of large coal mine goaf areas,particularly in Shanxi Province.In this context,the idea of filling crop residues into the coal mine goafs is proposed.This concept addresses multi-functions:(1)carbon sequestration,(2)an alternative disposal method of crop residue in rural areas,and(3)coal mine goaf remedy.展开更多
Micro and nanofibers have the ability to imbue control over water transport properties and me-chanical cohesion to granular materials.These key characteristics are proportional to the fiber size,if finely tuned,and ca...Micro and nanofibers have the ability to imbue control over water transport properties and me-chanical cohesion to granular materials.These key characteristics are proportional to the fiber size,if finely tuned,and can enable soils to more effectively host life.Typically,requirements include a high organic matter content,a rich microbiome,and especially physico-chemical prop-erties conducive to water dynamics.Herein,we developed mechanochemical processes to fibril-late food-waste-based biomass(namely,peels)into a range of fiber solutions.Macrofibers and nanofibers were obtained via mild processing steps and were fully characterized,the relation be-tween the morphology as well as physico-chemical properties of the fibers was thoroughly studied.Three sand types associated with deserts were evaluated for their potential benefits from the fiber amendments.The compressive response of the amended soils and,more importantly,their water holding,water permeability,and evaporation rate were thoroughly evaluated.The resistance of reinforced soil matrices to biodegradation and dry-wet cycling was also used to evaluate long-term performance.Finally,this study provides an outlook on nutrient retention for agricultural endeavors as a function of fiber amendment type and content.展开更多
The progress of society has caused a quick rise in the requirement for materials with superior functionalities.Hybrid composite materials demonstrate exceptional performance due to the synergistic effects resulting fr...The progress of society has caused a quick rise in the requirement for materials with superior functionalities.Hybrid composite materials demonstrate exceptional performance due to the synergistic effects resulting from the combination of unique properties exhibited by their constituent components.This advantageous characteristic enables these materials to leverage the collective strengths of each component,leading to their outstanding performance.By leveraging the strengths of each individual component,the shortcomings can be overcome and the strong points can be shared effectively.展开更多
In order to address concerns related to global warming and increased atmospheric carbon content,the life cycle assessment(LCA)tool has demonstrated usefulness in the building and construction sector.The LCA is used to...In order to address concerns related to global warming and increased atmospheric carbon content,the life cycle assessment(LCA)tool has demonstrated usefulness in the building and construction sector.The LCA is used to evaluate environmental impacts concerning all stages of the building process from“cradle”to“grave”.The LCA helps promote sustainable development by considering environmental indicators such as stratospheric ozone depletion,eutrophication,global warming potential,and many more.It is of an interest to know the degree of impact on a given environ-mental indicator if an input is changed in terms of the type or amount of the materials used.The LCA software Athena IE4B was employed to analyze data of a selected timber building.This study was aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of LCA analysis on a hybrid timber building,which was done via two case studies.Case 1 focused on changes in the volume of wood materials,meanwhile Case 2 focused on simultaneous changes in the volume of materials for wood,steel,and concrete.In Case 1,it was observed increasing wood materials increased environmental indicators,with stratospheric ozone depletion being the most sensitive and global warming potential as the least sensitive.Case 2 discovered that proportionally increasing wood materials in relation to steel and concrete materials decreased environmental indicators,with eutrophication being the most sensitive and stratospheric ozone depletion as the least sensitive.This study helped support the feasibility of using Athena IE4B for LCA analysis in the initial assessment of a building.展开更多
In this paper a quick method was developed to determine separate furfural and HMF concentrations simultaneously in ethanol-water hydrolysate of reed based on UV spectroscopy.Acid soluble lignin and other interfering s...In this paper a quick method was developed to determine separate furfural and HMF concentrations simultaneously in ethanol-water hydrolysate of reed based on UV spectroscopy.Acid soluble lignin and other interfering substances were first removed by distillation as residue.The distillate was then used for the determination of furfural and HMF by measuring the maximum absorption wavelength and the absorbance at the wavelength.Results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of the characteristic peak correlated well with the composition of furfural and HMF mixture in an ethanol-water solution,and the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength also had an excellent linear relationship with the sum concentration of furfural and HMF in the solution.The separate concentrations of furfural and HMF in a mixture solution could be determined by applying these correlations.展开更多
The rapid advancement of biomedical polymers has raised significant concerns about the disposal of medical polymer waste.Sustainable biomass materials derived from renewable sources in na-ture have emerged as promisin...The rapid advancement of biomedical polymers has raised significant concerns about the disposal of medical polymer waste.Sustainable biomass materials derived from renewable sources in na-ture have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-based polymers for medical applica-tions and tissue engineering due to their abundance,biodegradability,and environmental friend-liness.In tissue engineering,interconnected macropores within biomaterials are crucial as they provide space and interfaces for cells,enhancing permeability for nutrient and waste transport.In this review,we summarize recent developments in the use of biomass materials to engineer macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds.We highlight key techniques,such as microparticles assembly,leaching template,and bioprinting that can create macropores within scaffolds com-posed of biomass materials and their composites.In addition,we investigate the applications of the macroporous scaffolds in wound healing,with a focus on cell behaviors within macroporous constructs and their role in treating chronic wounds.We envision that the combination of the bicontinuous macropores and biomass-based materials can create an ideal cellular environment and provide a powerful platform for wound healing and tissue regeneration.展开更多
Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during ...Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during the extracting process.In addition,the DMSO-extracted xylans have unique properties allowing their potential applications in emulsifying or filming materials.How-ever,the yield of DMSO-extracted xylan is always low and the effects of different DMSO extraction conditions on the chemical compositions of xylan have not been fully studied,which greatly hin-ders its researches and applications.In this study,we have found that extensive delignification before DMSO extraction results in destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex(LCC),leading to xylan yield and xylose unit content increased by up to 220%and 20%,respectively.Tert-butanol washing of the holocellulose can further increase the DMSO extracted xylan yield by∼10%.The yield of xylan extracted by the DMSO at 80°C for 7 h was obviously higher than that at room temperature for 3 d by 30%-40%.Thermal analysis showed that the xylans extracted at differ-ent conditions had thermal stability without obvious differences.The results indicate that the DMSO-extracted xylan with a high yield,a high purity and a high degree of acetylation can be ex-tracted at a high delignification level,a high reaction temperature and a short reaction time.This study is of great significance for studying xylan structure-property relationships and promoting the applications of DMSO-extracted xylan.展开更多
The demand for sustainable functional materials with an eco-friendly preparation process is on the rise.Lignocellulosics has been attributed as the most sustainable bioresource on earth which can meet the stringentreq...The demand for sustainable functional materials with an eco-friendly preparation process is on the rise.Lignocellulosics has been attributed as the most sustainable bioresource on earth which can meet the stringentrequirements of functionalization. However, cellulose nanomaterials obtained from lignocellulosics which has reachedadvanced stages as a sustainable functional material is challenged by its preparation procedures. These procedures can notbest be described as sustainable and eco-friendly owning to lots of energy and chemicals spent in the pre-treatment andpurification processes. These processes are intended to aid fractionation into the major components in order to removelignin and hemicellulose for the production of cellulose nanomaterials. This work is thus centred on reviewing theprogress achieved in introducing a new cellulose nanomaterial containing lignin. The preparation processes, propertiesand applications of this new lignin-containing cellulose nanomaterial will be discussed in order to chart a sustainablepreparation route for cellulose nanomaterials.展开更多
文摘As the global population grows,the demand for textiles is increasing rapidly.However,this puts immense pressure on manufacturers to produce more fiber.While synthetic fibers can be pro-duced cheaply,they have a negative impact on the environment.On the other hand,fibers from wool,sisal,fique,wood pulp(viscose),and man-made cellulose fibers(MMCFs)from cotton can-not alone meet the growing fiber demand without major stresses on land,water,and existing markets using these materials.With a greater emphasis on transparency and circular economy practices,there is a need to consider natural non-wood alternative sources for MMCFs to supple-ment other fiber types.However,introducing new feedstocks with different compositions may require different biomass conversion methods.Therefore,based on existing work,this review ad-dresses the technical feasibility of various alternative feedstocks for conversion to textile-grade fibers.First,alternative feedstocks are introduced,and then conventional(dissolving pulp)and emerging(fibrillated cellulose and recycled material)conversion technologies are evaluated to help select the most suitable and promising processes for these emerging alternative sources of cellulose.It is important to note that for alternative feedstocks to be adopted on a meaningful scale,high biomass availability and proximity of conversion facilities are critical factors.In North America,soybean,wheat,rice,sorghum,and sugarcane residues are widely available and most suitable for conventional conversion through various dissolving pulp production methods(pre-hydrolysis kraft,acid sulfite,soda,SO2-ethanol-water,and potassium hydroxide)or by emerging cellulose fibrillation methods.While dissolving pulp conversion is well-established,fibrillated cel-lulose methods could be beneficial from cost,efficiency,and environmental perspectives.Thus,the authors strongly encourage more work in this growing research area.However,conducting thorough cost and sustainability assessments is important to determine the best feedstock and technology combinations.
基金support from the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission (Grant No.12ZCZDGX01100).
文摘Cellulose nano-crystals(CNC)can be tailored for various value-added applications.However,its use in aqueous systems is hampered by its limited dispersability,especially at a high CNC concentration.In this study,the improvement of CNC colloidal stability by surface chemical grafting with polyacrylic acid(PAA)was investigated,and the zeta potential and the charge density of the chemically modified CNC were analyzed.The results showed that an acrylic dosage of 1%(based on the dry weight of CNC)was sufficient to significantly enhance the colloidal stability.CNC,after chemical grafting with PAA,showed better stability against the increase in storage time or solid content of the aqueous medium,compared with the un-modified CNC.
基金The World Academy of Sciences(TWAS)and The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(No.CSIR-HRDG:P-81-1-09).
文摘Biomass solid fuel(BSF)has emerged as a promising renewable energy source,but its morphological and microstructural properties are crucial in determining their physical,mechanical,and chemical characteristics.This paper provides an overview of recent research on BSF.The focus is on biomass sources,BSF processing methods,and morphological and microstructural properties,with a special emphasis on energy-related studies.Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were established for the study to ensure relevance.The inclusion criteria encompassed studies about BSFs and studies investigating the influence of biomass sources and processing methods on the morphological and microstructural properties of solid fuels within the past five years.Various technologies for converting biomass into usable energy were discussed,including gasification,torrefaction,carbonization,hydrothermal carbonization(HTC),and pyrolysis.Each has advantages and disadvantages in energy performance,techno-economics,and climate impact.Gasification is efficient but requires high investment.Pyrolysis produces bio-oil,char,and gases based on feedstock availability.Carbonization generates low-cost biochar for solid fuels and carbon sequestration applications.Torrefaction increases energy density for co-firing with coal.HTC processes wet biomass efficiently with lower energy input.Thermal treatment affects BSF durability and strength,often leading to less durability due to voids and gaps between particles.Hydrothermal carbonization alters surface morphology,creating cavities,pores,and distinctive shapes.Slow pyrolysis generates biochar with better morphological properties,while fast pyrolysis yields biochar with lower porosity and surface area.Wood constitutes 67%of the biomass sources utilized for bioenergy generation,followed by wood residues(5%),agro-residues(4%),municipal solid wastes(3%),energy crops(3%),livestock wastes(3%),and forest residues(1%).Each source has advantages and drawbacks,such as availability,cost,environmental impact,and suitability for specific regions and energy requirements.This review is valuable for energy professionals,researchers,and policymakers interested in biomass solid fuel.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31500488 and 31270638)Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (Grant No.2016H6004 and 2016J01089).
文摘A significant amount of lignin and hemicellulose are dissolved in the hydrothermal treatment of biomass.The hemicellulose can be recovered and utilized for value-added products.The dissolved lignin can undergo depolymerization and condensation reactions,and interferes with the separation and purification process for hemicellulose recovery.This paper investigated the behavior of the lignin extracted from the hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo and its contributions to the physical characteristics of the hydrolysate.It was found that the turbidity of the hydrolysate was strongly associated with the lignin fragments and suspended long chain hemicelluloses.As the lignin depolymerization and condensation reactions occurred simultaneously,the dissolved lignin fractions in the hydrolysate increased first and then decreased.The molecular weight(MW)of the dissolved lignin fragments ranged from 3342~5611 g/mol,with mainly guaiacyl(G)and syringyl(S)unit in the structure.
基金related to the project“In pursuit of degradation-seeking beneficial effects of thermal and thermomechanical modification of plant-based materials used in polymeric materials”(No.OPUS 272024/53/B/ST8/02082)funded by the National Science Center in Poland.
文摘Wood-plastic composites(WPCs)combine the advantages of plastics and lumber,however,their progress is slowed by limitations resulting from the properties of plant-based materials(PBMs),the most critical of which is insufficient thermal stability.The temperature boundary for processing of WPCs is 200℃,as higher temperatures induce PBMs’degradation,yielding odor,uncontrolled darkening,porosity generation,and loss of WPCs’mechanical performance.Going beyond the framework of composites’science and taking a transdisciplinary look at processing degradation leads to very different conclusions.The food sector makes the best of PBMs’degradation,yielding not only indispensable feed but often works of art.Drawing from its experience with the desire to go beyond the state-of-the-art,WPCs need a paradigm shift considering processing degrada-tion.The presented paper proposes the pathway against the flow.Instead of avoiding processing degradation,deliberately inducing and employing it with all the benefits,pushing WPCs toward sustainability by maximizing resource efficiency.Exceeding the temperature limit will enable the use of engineering plastics,which outperform commodity types.Considering PBMs,it will not only unleash the true potential of phytochemicals but also take advantage of the compounds yet to be generated in situ during processing degradation,enriching WPCs with benefits known from the food sector.
基金supported by the Second Century Fund(C2F)and Chulalongkorn University and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund Chulalongkorn University(No.BCG66210015).We also thank the Thai Edible Oil Co.,Ltd.for providing the RB samples and Dr.Thomas Gale,School of Science,University of Greenwich,UK,for manuscript proofreading.
文摘This study aimed to systematically find an alternative solvent to replace hexane for the extraction of bio-oil with high𝛾-oryzanol content from rice bran(RB).The selection involved predicting solubility through Hansen solubility theory,experimental validation,determination of suitable extraction conditions,and comparison of oil quality with that of conventional hexane.A wide variety of solvents:subcritical water(SCW),supercritical carbon dioxide(SCCO_(2)),bio-based sol-vents(alcohols and terpenes),and liquefied dimethyl ether(LDME),were initially assessed for rice bran oil(RBO)and𝛾-oryzanol solubility using Hansen solubility spheres.Solvents demon-strating high solubility for both RBO and𝛾-oryzanol,including LDME,ethyl acetate,acetone,and others(alcohols and SCCO_(2))known for effective vegetable oil extraction,were selected/identified for experimental extraction comparison.Among these,LDME performed better overall,affording greater solubility and requiring less solvent,shorter duration,lower pressure,and no additional co-solvents for equivalent extractions.Optimal conditions for LDME extraction were identified as 30℃ with a solvent-to-sample ratio of 10 mL/g and an extraction time of 10 min.Oils extracted with LDME and hexane displayed similar fatty acid compositions and no adverse effects on RB protein and carbohydrate structures after LDME extraction were observed.This study demon-strates LDME as a promising alternative to replace hexane for RBO extraction to further valorize this abundant low-cost RB residue into bio-oil and its𝛾γ-oryzanol and de-oil RB co-products.
基金This work has been supported by Key Laboratory of Wood Industry and Furniture Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Colleges and Universities.
文摘In order to maintain soil fertility of Neosinocalamus affinis plantations,fertilizers of N,P,and K were applied.The anatomical and physical-mechanical properties of N.affinis bamboo wood from different fertilization treatments were measured.The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of fertilization practice on the properties of N.affinis bamboo wood.The results revealed that the fertilization of P and K resulted in a slight reduction in fiber length.The application of P,K,and low level(0.3 kg/clump)of N fertilizers had no significant effect on the fiber morphology,while high level(0.9 kg/clump)of N fertilizer contributed to short fibers.The specific gravity was significantly decreased by fertilization,while the volume shrinkage was increased.Since the effect of various fertilization treatments had different influence patterns on the properties of N.affinis,specific evaluations on the quality of the fertilized bamboo wood should be performed prior to its utilization.
基金This work was supported by the Mitacs Program and Canada Research Chairs Program of the Government of Canada.
文摘Chitosan is a type of biopolymer that can be obtained from animal/marine sources,and it can also be extracted or produced from agriculture waste products like mushroom or different fungal sources after the chitin deacetylation.Depending on the size of mushroom farm,the amount of waste ranges between 5%and 20%of the production volume.The cell wall of the filamentous fungi,a good source of chitin,offers an easy way to extract chitin.The physicochemical character-istics such as molecular weight and degree of deacetylation of fungal chitosan can be controlled compared to chitosan obtained from crustacean sources.Fungal sourced chitosan can be used in food,pharmaceutical or biomedical applications for different applications,for example,as an antimicrobial agent,coating material,water purification or bio-pesticide.This review mainly fo-cused on the extraction of chitin from mushroom or different fungal sources and also showed some applications of commercial chitosan products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21422504 and 21275087)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(JQ201406).
文摘Au nanoparticles(AuNPs)were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with NaBH4,and then adsorbed uniformly on the surface of carboxylated nanocrystalline cellulose(CNCC).The obtained AuNPs/CNCC particles were doped into a conductive polymer of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(PEDOT)to yield a highly conductive nanocomposite,which was deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode(GCE)by an electrochemical method.The PEDOT/AuNPs/CNCC nanocomposite showed low electrochemical impedance and good electrocatalytic activity toward ascorbic acid.Based on this novel nanocomposite material,an amperometric sensor was developed for the detection of ascorbic acid with a detection limit as low as 0.29μM.When operated at-0.15 V,the sensor detected ascorbic acid in the range of 0.88μM to 15000μM.
基金Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(No.201351)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(No.2015GXNSFBA139042)+2 种基金Chinese Scholarship Council(CSC)the Dean Project of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp&Papermaking and Pollution Control(ZR201607 and ZR201607)the Scientific Research Foundation of Guangxi University(No.XGZ160294),Nanning 530004,China.
文摘Cellulose paper is the most attractive green packaging material due to its recyclability, renewability, sustainability and biodegradability. In some applications, paper with a high level of water resistance is desirable to meet specific requirements in modern packaging fields. This research aimed to develop a water-repelling paper with cost-effective and nontoxic materials. Commercial precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) particles were modified by stearic acid (SA) and incorporated with soybean oil-based binder as a water repelling coating agent. The water-repelling efficiency of the coated paper was highly dependent on the ratio of SA / PCC as well as the binder content in the coating formula. PCC particles modified with 12wt% SA were efficient in increasing the water contact angle (WCA) of the coated paper to 146° at a coating weight of 5 g/m2. The binder for the coating was synthesized with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) through Michael addition reaction. The triglyceride structure in the polymer chain imparted good bio-degradability to the binder polymer. It was found that surface modification of PCC with stearic acid played an important role in improving the WCA of paper. A super hydrophobic paper with a WCA of 162° was fabricated with a coating formula of 60% SA-modified PCC and 40 wt% AESO-binder.
文摘Over the last 15 years,significant number of reports on transparent paper and transparent wood appeared in the literature.The light scattering data or transmission data are often given to describe the optical performance of the material.In addition,the data also contains structural information that can be further analyzed based on scattering theory.Some of the data are re-analyzed herein from structural analysis point of view related to the scattering phenomena.Quantitative analysis on the wavelength dependent optical density of nanopaper suggested that the scatterers are not isolated voids or microfibrils but rather large submicrometric and structural domains.Angular dependence of transparent wood scattering suggests the scattering units of a few micrometers such as cell wall are at the origin of high haze.
文摘Desertification is one of the severe ecological and environmental issues in the world today.Sand fixation against wind erosion is an effective solution to the problem.In the present study,a novel waterborne polyurethane emulsion was prepared as a sand-fixing agent.Lignin and polylactic acid were incorporated as a chain extender and soft segments,respectively.The structure,viscosity and thermal stability of the polyurethane emulsions were studied by FTIR,rheological testing and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The sand fixation properties of the waterborne polyurethane were evaluated in terms of the water retention,compressive strength,thermal stability and anti-wind erosion ability of sand crusts formed by spraying the emulsion on sands.With the increase of lignin content,both the water retention and compressive strength increased with the highest values of 39.22%and 1.13 MPa,respectively.All the sand specimens treated by the waterborne polyurethane presented good thermal stability and wind erosion resistance.
文摘China is a significant atmospheric carbon dioxide producer.Burning of agricultural waste in China is also a problematic issue,raising environmental and carbon-emission-related concerns.Furthermore,the coal-dependent economy is accompanied by the formation of large coal mine goaf areas,particularly in Shanxi Province.In this context,the idea of filling crop residues into the coal mine goafs is proposed.This concept addresses multi-functions:(1)carbon sequestration,(2)an alternative disposal method of crop residue in rural areas,and(3)coal mine goaf remedy.
基金support by the Khalifa University of Science and Technology(KUST)Faculty Startup Project(No.84741140-FSU-2022-021)supported by the Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology(CMAT)and the Research and Innovation Center on CO_(2) and Hydrogen(RICH).
文摘Micro and nanofibers have the ability to imbue control over water transport properties and me-chanical cohesion to granular materials.These key characteristics are proportional to the fiber size,if finely tuned,and can enable soils to more effectively host life.Typically,requirements include a high organic matter content,a rich microbiome,and especially physico-chemical prop-erties conducive to water dynamics.Herein,we developed mechanochemical processes to fibril-late food-waste-based biomass(namely,peels)into a range of fiber solutions.Macrofibers and nanofibers were obtained via mild processing steps and were fully characterized,the relation be-tween the morphology as well as physico-chemical properties of the fibers was thoroughly studied.Three sand types associated with deserts were evaluated for their potential benefits from the fiber amendments.The compressive response of the amended soils and,more importantly,their water holding,water permeability,and evaporation rate were thoroughly evaluated.The resistance of reinforced soil matrices to biodegradation and dry-wet cycling was also used to evaluate long-term performance.Finally,this study provides an outlook on nutrient retention for agricultural endeavors as a function of fiber amendment type and content.
基金supported by Provincial Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials,Nanjing Forestry Universitythe National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.31730106,No.31770623).
文摘The progress of society has caused a quick rise in the requirement for materials with superior functionalities.Hybrid composite materials demonstrate exceptional performance due to the synergistic effects resulting from the combination of unique properties exhibited by their constituent components.This advantageous characteristic enables these materials to leverage the collective strengths of each component,leading to their outstanding performance.By leveraging the strengths of each individual component,the shortcomings can be overcome and the strong points can be shared effectively.
文摘In order to address concerns related to global warming and increased atmospheric carbon content,the life cycle assessment(LCA)tool has demonstrated usefulness in the building and construction sector.The LCA is used to evaluate environmental impacts concerning all stages of the building process from“cradle”to“grave”.The LCA helps promote sustainable development by considering environmental indicators such as stratospheric ozone depletion,eutrophication,global warming potential,and many more.It is of an interest to know the degree of impact on a given environ-mental indicator if an input is changed in terms of the type or amount of the materials used.The LCA software Athena IE4B was employed to analyze data of a selected timber building.This study was aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of LCA analysis on a hybrid timber building,which was done via two case studies.Case 1 focused on changes in the volume of wood materials,meanwhile Case 2 focused on simultaneous changes in the volume of materials for wood,steel,and concrete.In Case 1,it was observed increasing wood materials increased environmental indicators,with stratospheric ozone depletion being the most sensitive and global warming potential as the least sensitive.Case 2 discovered that proportionally increasing wood materials in relation to steel and concrete materials decreased environmental indicators,with eutrophication being the most sensitive and stratospheric ozone depletion as the least sensitive.This study helped support the feasibility of using Athena IE4B for LCA analysis in the initial assessment of a building.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for financial support for this research (Grant#:31270634).
文摘In this paper a quick method was developed to determine separate furfural and HMF concentrations simultaneously in ethanol-water hydrolysate of reed based on UV spectroscopy.Acid soluble lignin and other interfering substances were first removed by distillation as residue.The distillate was then used for the determination of furfural and HMF by measuring the maximum absorption wavelength and the absorbance at the wavelength.Results showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of the characteristic peak correlated well with the composition of furfural and HMF mixture in an ethanol-water solution,and the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength also had an excellent linear relationship with the sum concentration of furfural and HMF in the solution.The separate concentrations of furfural and HMF in a mixture solution could be determined by applying these correlations.
基金supported by a Merit Award from the Veterans Health Administration-Office of Research and Development(VA-ORD BLR&D Merit Award,BX-19-001).
文摘The rapid advancement of biomedical polymers has raised significant concerns about the disposal of medical polymer waste.Sustainable biomass materials derived from renewable sources in na-ture have emerged as promising alternatives to petroleum-based polymers for medical applica-tions and tissue engineering due to their abundance,biodegradability,and environmental friend-liness.In tissue engineering,interconnected macropores within biomaterials are crucial as they provide space and interfaces for cells,enhancing permeability for nutrient and waste transport.In this review,we summarize recent developments in the use of biomass materials to engineer macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds.We highlight key techniques,such as microparticles assembly,leaching template,and bioprinting that can create macropores within scaffolds com-posed of biomass materials and their composites.In addition,we investigate the applications of the macroporous scaffolds in wound healing,with a focus on cell behaviors within macroporous constructs and their role in treating chronic wounds.We envision that the combination of the bicontinuous macropores and biomass-based materials can create an ideal cellular environment and provide a powerful platform for wound healing and tissue regeneration.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2020A1515011021).
文摘Dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)extraction is commonly used to study the chemical structures of orig-inal xylan in the plant cell wall,since the DMSO can preserve the original structure of the xylan as much as possible during the extracting process.In addition,the DMSO-extracted xylans have unique properties allowing their potential applications in emulsifying or filming materials.How-ever,the yield of DMSO-extracted xylan is always low and the effects of different DMSO extraction conditions on the chemical compositions of xylan have not been fully studied,which greatly hin-ders its researches and applications.In this study,we have found that extensive delignification before DMSO extraction results in destruction of lignin-carbohydrate complex(LCC),leading to xylan yield and xylose unit content increased by up to 220%and 20%,respectively.Tert-butanol washing of the holocellulose can further increase the DMSO extracted xylan yield by∼10%.The yield of xylan extracted by the DMSO at 80°C for 7 h was obviously higher than that at room temperature for 3 d by 30%-40%.Thermal analysis showed that the xylans extracted at differ-ent conditions had thermal stability without obvious differences.The results indicate that the DMSO-extracted xylan with a high yield,a high purity and a high degree of acetylation can be ex-tracted at a high delignification level,a high reaction temperature and a short reaction time.This study is of great significance for studying xylan structure-property relationships and promoting the applications of DMSO-extracted xylan.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51733009)Chinese Academy of Science-President’s International Fellowship Initiative(CAS-PIFI)Postdoctoral Research in China(No.2017PS0019).
文摘The demand for sustainable functional materials with an eco-friendly preparation process is on the rise.Lignocellulosics has been attributed as the most sustainable bioresource on earth which can meet the stringentrequirements of functionalization. However, cellulose nanomaterials obtained from lignocellulosics which has reachedadvanced stages as a sustainable functional material is challenged by its preparation procedures. These procedures can notbest be described as sustainable and eco-friendly owning to lots of energy and chemicals spent in the pre-treatment andpurification processes. These processes are intended to aid fractionation into the major components in order to removelignin and hemicellulose for the production of cellulose nanomaterials. This work is thus centred on reviewing theprogress achieved in introducing a new cellulose nanomaterial containing lignin. The preparation processes, propertiesand applications of this new lignin-containing cellulose nanomaterial will be discussed in order to chart a sustainablepreparation route for cellulose nanomaterials.
