A community-based sheep cross breeding project was conducted in Ethiopia with exotic Awassi crossbred rams and less productive indigenous Tikur ewes.Fifty-five Awassi crossbred rams having 46,48,56 and 65%Awassi blood...A community-based sheep cross breeding project was conducted in Ethiopia with exotic Awassi crossbred rams and less productive indigenous Tikur ewes.Fifty-five Awassi crossbred rams having 46,48,56 and 65%Awassi blood levels were purchased and distributed to the participating 84 farmers which had 2,884 breeding ewes.The overall least square mean weights for F1 and F2 generation lambs at birth,day 90,180,270 and yearling weight were 3.10±0.01,13.04±0.07,16.95±0.08,20.84±0.11 and 24.42±0.14 kg,respectively.Body weight traits were significantly affected by lambing year for birth weight(P<0.05),180-day(d)weight(P<0.05),270-d weight(P<0.001)and 360 d(yearling)weight(P<0.001)but no effect(P>0.05)was noted for 90-d weight(weaning weight).Season of lambing had significant effect(P<0.01)only for birth weight.There was a significant difference(P<0.001)among the different villages for birth weight,and for day 90,180,270 and 360 body weights.The study showed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with Tikur ewes can improve birth weight by 71.27%,90-d weight by 76.78%,180-d weight by 63.45%and yearling weight by 76.06%under farmer management practices.Results revealed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with blood level of 56%and above with local Tikur ewes resulted in superior progenies that can fulfill export live weight standard of 25 kg at yearling weight.The future of Awassi-Tikur sheep farming must focus on feed supplementation strategies and on establishing cooperatives for farmers to improve their livelihoods.展开更多
Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation(PNF)using nanostructured materials is a promising approach that is likely to rival the most expensive and highenergy-demanding Harber-Bosch method of ammonia synthesis.This is because ...Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation(PNF)using nanostructured materials is a promising approach that is likely to rival the most expensive and highenergy-demanding Harber-Bosch method of ammonia synthesis.This is because the process is deemed the most sustainable method of nitrogen fixation,through the direct production of ammonia and/or nitrate from water and atmospheric nitrogen with the aid of sunlight;and the system has zero emission of carbon dioxide.The PNF process is receiving much attention making it among the hot research topics in recent years.There is,however,a knowledge gap between the photocatalytic processes and the nanostructured photocatalyst.In this review,therefore,recent breakthroughs and achievements in the photocatalytic reaction processes were discussed.In addition,the nanostructured photocatalysts used in nitrogen fixation were discussed in detail.This includes the importance of the nanomaterials in photocatalysis,the types used in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,and the synthesis methods of the nanomaterials.Also,limitations that affect the photocatalytic reaction processes as well as the ways of overcoming them such as the creation of oxygen,sulphur,and nitrogen vacancies,doping techniques,formation of heterojunctions,and the use of cocatalysts were all discussed in detail.From the aforementioned discussions,PNF could be seen as the most eco-friendly and sustainable method of nitrogen fixation.However,understanding the mechanisms of PNF is very critical to identifying and designing an efficient photocatalytic system.展开更多
Calotropis gigantea fiber(CGF)is to a type of seed fiber collected from the fruits of the Calotropis gigantea(CG).From a sustainable biomass resource,CGF is a naturally abundant cellulose fiber with good economic valu...Calotropis gigantea fiber(CGF)is to a type of seed fiber collected from the fruits of the Calotropis gigantea(CG).From a sustainable biomass resource,CGF is a naturally abundant cellulose fiber with good economic value,excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.CGF has a high hollow structure and is lightweight,which means CGF has received increasing attention in recent years as the starting material for fabrication of different types of functional materials.In this paper,we have reviewed the morphology and characteristics of CGF,including its biological properties,chemical composition,and physical properties.Additionally,we provide an overview of the recent advancements in the extraction process,toughening treatment process,spinning process,and weaving process of CGF,which have garnered significant attention from researchers in the field.The applications of CGF in the fields of environment processing,antibacterial,and smart materials are also summarized.Finally,the challenges and development prospects of CGF are introduced with the ultimate goal of implementing its potential in real-world applications.展开更多
Restricted access to quality crops and markets limits the capacity of rural communities to generate income in the mountainous regions of South and Southeast Asia,often resulting in the exploitation of forest systems,a...Restricted access to quality crops and markets limits the capacity of rural communities to generate income in the mountainous regions of South and Southeast Asia,often resulting in the exploitation of forest systems,a subsequent decline in forest health,and the need for alternative means of income generation as well as forest restoration programmes.Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms has been shown to be a feasible alternative source of income and also contributes to the household nutrition of rural and impoverished communities.There are a number of ongoing programmes in South and Southeast Asia currently implementing trainings and demonstrative practices for the cultivation of mushrooms at the village level.In this context,we implemented different cultivation strategies in selected rural areas in the Chin State,Myanmar.The cultivation strategies were to 1)introduce mushroom cultivation using locally sourced raw materials as substrates for rural communities unfamiliar with mushroom cultivation;and 2)improve the technical knowledge of those already experienced in mushroom cultivation in order to increase yield and minimize challenges in production systems.We introduced Pleurotus sp.cultivation to mushroom growers in the Chin state,Myanmar.These cultivation strategies will help further improve and develop mushroom industries in rural areas and contribute to rural development.In addition,we focused on cultivation systems that incorporate the use of crop residues and woody substrates in order to ensure a sustainable,integrated approach.展开更多
In 2018/19,a study was conducted in the East Gojjam Zone of Northwestern Ethiopia to show the current potato cultivation problems relating to inorganic fertilizers at the farm level.The study used a mixture of 0,34.5,...In 2018/19,a study was conducted in the East Gojjam Zone of Northwestern Ethiopia to show the current potato cultivation problems relating to inorganic fertilizers at the farm level.The study used a mixture of 0,34.5,and 69 kg P2O5 and 0,100,200,and 300 kg K2O.RCBD(Randomized Complete Block Design)was used with three replications.Using a mixture of 34.5 kg P2O5 and 200 kg K2O yielded a significant total and marketable yield of 49.14 t ha and 48.32 t ha,respectively(with an Ethiopian birr in the net reward of 236,172.40),In addition,this treatment surpass other treatments and produced a marginal rate of return that was higher than the least acceptable marginal rate of return.As a result,it is recommended that a combined fertilizer application method be used to optimize the economic return from potato production in the study area.展开更多
Agricultural Jiaosu is rich in nutrients and plant-beneficial microbial communities,and thus has great potential in reducing fertilizer dosage and improving fertilizer use efficiency.This pot experiment was conducted ...Agricultural Jiaosu is rich in nutrients and plant-beneficial microbial communities,and thus has great potential in reducing fertilizer dosage and improving fertilizer use efficiency.This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of agricultural Jiaosu on the growth and yield of rice.The experiment employed three agricultural Jiaosu treatments(i.e.,soil solid agricultural Jiaosu,soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu,leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu)in various combinations,along with one control treatment(chemical fertilizer).Results revealed that plant height of rive agricultural Jiaosu treatments were higher than that of the control treatment,with the ranks as follows:JT(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu),JY(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu),JA(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu+leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu)and F(conventional fertilizer)during harvest.The ratio of panicle biomass to total biomass and straw of three types of Jiaosu treatments was significantly higher than that in the chemical fertilizer treatment,indicating that agricultural Jiaosu treatment altered the dry matter distribution characteristics of rice.The yield per plant of JA treatment(49.35±2.43 g)was 8.51%higher than chemical fertilizer treatment.Additionally,the correlation between soil nutrients and plant growth and yield analysis indicated that agricultural Jiaosu has higher nutrient use efficiency with lower input of N,P,and K.The study highlights the potential function of agricultural Jiaosu in promoting crop growth and yields while reducing the need for fertilization.展开更多
The primary challenge of the contemporary world is to meet accelerating requirements for food.Limited land,competition between crop and livestock farming and climate change are major challenges.Agroforestry offer a fo...The primary challenge of the contemporary world is to meet accelerating requirements for food.Limited land,competition between crop and livestock farming and climate change are major challenges.Agroforestry offer a form of sustainable agriculture through the direct provision of food by raising farmers’incomes and through various ecosystem services.The first essential step in adopting agroforestry is the selection of appropriate tree species that fit local climates.In this paper,we mapped 20 fodder trees and important crops in China using the multi-model ensemble and Ecocrop modelling approach.Relying on the intersectional concept of set theory,the fuzzy logic technique was applied to identify regions where candidate trees could be grown with appropriate crops and livestock.The resulting models provide important insights into the climatic suitability of trees and crops and offer knowledge critical to the proper integration of trees with crops and livestock at specific locations.The results offer support for developing appropriate strategies regarding potential land-use within agroforestry systems in order to maximize ecosystem services and the benefits of sustainable agriculture.Model outputs could easily convert into conventional maps with clearly defined boundaries for site-specific planning for tree-crop-livestock integration.The next step for actualizing an integrated system is to investigate specifically what these different species may contribute to the existing farming systems,quantify the benefits and estimate any possible tradeoffs.展开更多
Heterogenous distribution of crops,feed and livestock across China has halted the circulation of nutrients within the agricultural system and is responsible for massive nutrient losses[1,2].Generated livestock manure ...Heterogenous distribution of crops,feed and livestock across China has halted the circulation of nutrients within the agricultural system and is responsible for massive nutrient losses[1,2].Generated livestock manure exceeded optimal crop requirements in 30%and 50%of over 2300 studied counties when there was improved recycling of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)in the food chain,repectively[2].Most of these counties are located in southern and coastal areas,whereas there is a deficit of livestock manure in northern and western China.Such heterogenous distribution of crop-livestock production led to 4.0 Tg manure N and 0.9 Tg manure P[2],which are economically impossible to recycle and will end up in the surrounding environment.In addition,about 40%of feed protein consumed by domestic livestock production relied on importation,putting China’s livestock production supply at high risk in the post pandemic world[3].Hence,China is facing the twin issues of too many manure nutrients but too little feed nutrients simultaneously.展开更多
Soil horizon and vegetation cover significantly impact the spatial patterns of soil fungal and bacterial communities.However,such impacts and their interactions are poorly characterized in dry–hot environments.Soil s...Soil horizon and vegetation cover significantly impact the spatial patterns of soil fungal and bacterial communities.However,such impacts and their interactions are poorly characterized in dry–hot environments.Soil samples were collected from two soil horizons(humus and mineral)along a vegetation gradient(shrubland,grassland,and shrub–grass ecotone)in a dry-hot valley of Southwestern China to assess the effects of vegetation versus soil horizons on shaping soil microbial communities.We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to estimate the microbial spatial pattern change across the vegetation gradients and clone libraries targeting small subunit rRNA genes to characterize the microbial community structures between distinct vegetation types and soil horizons.Bacterial DNA profile patterns were not significantly different across vegetation types but strongly correlated with soil horizons,with significant interaction effects.By contrast,fungi were remarkably different across vegetation types and soil horizons,without significant interactions effect.Distinct vegetation types did not necessarily harbor distinct bacterial or fungal community compositions.Rather,both community compositions were most strongly affected by the soil horizons.Together with these results,the soil vertical heterogeneity rather than vegetation changes is suggested to best predict shifts in soil microbial communities in this dry-hot valley area.展开更多
Coconut,as one of the main components of the daily Sri Lankan diet and one of the predominant crops grown in different agroecological zones except in higher elevations,has become a major export-earning crop.Its produc...Coconut,as one of the main components of the daily Sri Lankan diet and one of the predominant crops grown in different agroecological zones except in higher elevations,has become a major export-earning crop.Its productivity is limited by adverse climatic changes in coconut growing areas,biotic and abiotic stresses,and poor agronomic practices.Cover cropping has been identified as a rewarding and time-tested farming solution that increases the productivity of most coconut land while addressing the above issues.It is the practice of growing plants for modifying soil properties,controlling pests and diseases,facilitating crop growth and yield,reducing chemical dependency,enabling the coconut-animal farming system,and generating extra profit.Legumes,fodder and pasture grasses have been identified as the common and trending cover crops for Sri Lanka.Comprehensive knowledge of selecting suitable cover crops,planting materials and proper agronomic practices are important for a successful cover cropping system under coconut.Farmers avoid this practice due to their ignorance on cover cropping,and its benefits,and due to the aggressive characteristics of cover crops such as reappearing behaviour,being an alternative host for pathogens,and competitiveness for natural resources.In this review,the unique attributes of common cover crop species are explained.Furthermore,the variety of on-farm benefits and ecosystem services of cover cropping and some important agronomic considerations are reviewed.Finally,future research potential for recommending new species and their adaptability to a wide range of ecological and ecosystem circumstances under coconut cultivation are investigated.展开更多
The CERES-Rice(V4.7.5)model was used to identify the optimum transplanting window for higher productivity of rice in Indian Punjab.The model was first sensitized for 11 genetic coefficients and then these values were ...The CERES-Rice(V4.7.5)model was used to identify the optimum transplanting window for higher productivity of rice in Indian Punjab.The model was first sensitized for 11 genetic coefficients and then these values were used for calibrating and validating the model for rice cultivars.The Normalized Root Mean Square Error was in excellent range(<10%)for all the parameters—the coefficient of determination(R2)for CVS.PR126 and PR127 for days taken to anthesis and maturity were 0.94 and 0.89−0.96,respectively while grain yield and LAI(leaf area index)were 0.89−0.98 and 0.87−0.89,respectively.The optimum transplanting window of 24−30 June for PR126 and 20−26 June for PR127 simulated the grain yield/LAI ranging from 8,425−8,473 kg·ha^(−1)/4.23−4.24 for PR126 and 8,298−8,356 kg·ha^(−1)/4.20−4.21 for PR127.The early transplantation of rice cultivars on 7th June resulted in the lowest yield/LAI of 6,702 kg·ha^(−1)/3.8 for PR126 and 6,865 kg·ha^(−1)/3.9 for PR127.The deviation for the grain yield and HI(harvest index)of PR126 was between−14.2%to+8.2%and−15.1%to+10.5%,respectively,and of PR127 varied between−11.2%to+8.1%and−14.2%to+10.6%,respectively.The decline in the yield/HI from the average was observed during early transplantation in 2^(nd)week of June(before the 15^(th)of June for PR126 and the 13^(th)of June for PR127)as well as late transplantation in the 1st week of July(after 11^(th)July for PR126 and 6^(th)July for PR127)for rice cultivars.The negative effect on yield and HI of both varieties during early and late transplantation could be due to unfavorable climatic conditions.展开更多
In this overview paper,we outline and explore problems and prospects for circular agriculture’s contributions to transformative change toward sustainable food systems in the Anthropocene.We define circular agricultur...In this overview paper,we outline and explore problems and prospects for circular agriculture’s contributions to transformative change toward sustainable food systems in the Anthropocene.We define circular agriculture(CA)and provide historical context on its development.We then discuss how CA can contribute to food system transformations in four key areas:multi-functional landscapes;sustainable intensification(focusing on nitrogen/crop-livestock management and digital agriculture);smallholder farmers;and dietary change.We find that food systems transitions will be challenging due to the depth,scale,and speed of changes necessary for humans to remain within safe planetary boundaries out to 2050.展开更多
Biomass is fundamental to circular agricultural systems.Estimates of above-and below-ground biomass on agricultural land based upon IPCC Tier 1 estimates are compared with an updated carbon density map based on remote...Biomass is fundamental to circular agricultural systems.Estimates of above-and below-ground biomass on agricultural land based upon IPCC Tier 1 estimates are compared with an updated carbon density map based on remote sensing,with results indicating the methodology and initial estimations are robust.Two scenarios are evaluated to estimate carbon sequestration potential of increasing tree cover on agricultural land:1)incremental change and 2)a systemic change to agroforestry.Estimates of above-and below ground biomass carbon were combined with a tree cover analysis to estimate the increase in biomass.Global increases(4−6 PgC for incremental change;12−19 PgC for systemic change)highlight substantial mitigation potential.Increasing global tree cover on agricultural land by 10%would sequester more than 18 PgC.South America has the highest potential,followed by Southeast Asia,West and Central Africa,and North America.Brazil,Indonesia,Philippines,India,the United States and China are among the top countries with the highest carbon sequestration potential on agricultural land with increased tree cover.展开更多
The widespread use and production of plastic have led to increased accumulation of plastic waste in the environment which threatens terrestrial and marine life.Efficient methods for management of plastic waste remain ...The widespread use and production of plastic have led to increased accumulation of plastic waste in the environment which threatens terrestrial and marine life.Efficient methods for management of plastic waste remain a key challenge.Biodegradation of plastics is considered an environmentally safe method,but is still limited to laboratory scale.Several previous studies have reported microbial enzymes capable of degrading plastic.These discoveries offer a promising starting point for the development of biocatalyzed plastic degradation technology.In this review,we discuss recent advancements and applications of biocatalyst technology.We also describe the different steps for development of biocatalyzed plastic degradation technology and the major issues related to each stage.Breakthroughs in research into biocatalyzed plastic degradation would lead to new opportunities for sustainable alleviation of the worldwide problem of plastic waste accumulation.展开更多
The present study aimed to understand the current situation of diverse crop production in the northern region of Bangladesh.It also focused on sustainable production and consumption(SDG-12)and its association with cro...The present study aimed to understand the current situation of diverse crop production in the northern region of Bangladesh.It also focused on sustainable production and consumption(SDG-12)and its association with crop diversification in the study area.The study adopted several tools and techniques of qualitative methods to design,collect data,and analyze them.By utilizing a non-random,purposive sampling,we chose some selected areas in northern Bangladesh,and following the sampling procedure,50 farmers(small-scale agriculture producers)were selected to answer the central research questions and study-specific objectives.As part of the qualitative data analysis technique,this research employed a'thematic analysis'tool to categorize the collected data under appropriate sub-themes which highlighted the study's major aims and objectives.It is demonstrated that crop diversification is one of the most important strategies for ensuring sustainable agriculture and production.In addition,diverse agricultural production plays a vital role in ensuring farmers'accessibility to food for household consumption.The study recommends that crop diversification should be thoroughly encouraged by the government of Bangladesh(GoB)to achieve SDG-12(Sustainable Production and Consumption)by 2030.Additionally,the relevant officials of the GoB should provide necessary high-yielding seeds of diverse crops among the peasants in rural Bangladesh.Further research can be carried out on climate-resilient local food production systems to ensure sustainable food production and consumption in the country.展开更多
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regar...Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regarding the specific mechanisms influencing these processes,and the critical roles of AMF are often overlooked in planning agroecological systems.There is growing consensus,however,around the important roles AMF play in improving plant resilience and crop yield while also enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities.Heterogeneous practices across all scales complicate the successful integration of AMF in agroecological systems.AMF symbioses with crops are passive,or stimulated by incorporation of crop wastes in soil,soil inoculation with AMF spores,or the planting inoculated of seeds.Here we suggest that AMF can have highest beneficial impacts in areas with low levels of agrochemical inputs.We argue that areas with intensive agrochemical inputs can also be made more sustainable with AMF enhancements.展开更多
Vegetables are very important for human health in the era of nutritional security because they are rich in vitamins,minerals,phytochemicals,and dietary fibers.Inadequate pollination due to the decline of pollinators i...Vegetables are very important for human health in the era of nutritional security because they are rich in vitamins,minerals,phytochemicals,and dietary fibers.Inadequate pollination due to the decline of pollinators is a major obstacle in achieving high productivity of vegetables that adversely affects the quality and quantity of seed production of vegetables.Bee pollination influences the profitability and productivity of several horticultural crops,especially vegetables.Bee pollination significantly increases crop quality and yield,and it also has widespread nutritional and monetary advantages.Bees encounter various obstacles that might negatively impact their quality of life,such as habitat destruction,effects of agrochemicals,insect-pest and diseases,and changing weather scenarios.The inadvertent usage of agrochemicals contaminates the vegetables and the bee products that are eventually consumed by humans.To meet the pollination demand of cross-pollinated vegetables like cucurbits and cole crops,3−5 bee colonies/hectare are sufficient.Aspects like colony conditions,beehive densities,distribution,and time of placement of bee colonies must be considered to improve bee pollination.Bees are recognized as the most important pollinators because of their effectiveness and wider availability across the globe.To ensure food security,nutritional security,and to preserve biodiversity,bee pollination must be enhanced and given prime importance in vegetables.The integrated pollination technique,which recently arose but is in the infancy stage,links wild and managed bees on more bee-friendly farmlands to provide reliable and sufficient pollination.展开更多
Although research on microplastics(MPs)interactions with other soil pollutants is increasingly becoming available,most studies do not consider risks to soil fertility or plant growth.This review aims:1)to summarize th...Although research on microplastics(MPs)interactions with other soil pollutants is increasingly becoming available,most studies do not consider risks to soil fertility or plant growth.This review aims:1)to summarize the results of current studies on interactions between MPs,heavy metals,and organic pollutants;and 2)subsequently evaluate risks to the soil-plant nexus.Available-literature shows that polypropylene,polyethylene and polylactic acid increase cadmium(Cd)bioavailability and subsequently reduce root growth.Such effects are not evident in sandy or clay soils due to the formation of CdCO3 and iron-oxide by altered bacterial communities that stabilize Cd contamination.Chronic instead of short-term exposure to polystyrene in copper(Cu)-polluted soils decreases crop yield.With coexistence of MPs and lead(Pb)in soil,the uptake of Pb in crops increases,causing altered malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities.Moreover,co-toxicity of polystyrene or polytetrafluoroethylene with arsenic(As)decreases root biomass,photosynthesis rate and the chlorophyll-a content.In alkaline soil,polyvinyl-chloride could decrease the bioavailability of MeHg due to changes in the abundance of Proteobacteria,and Firmicutes.We also found strong interactions between MPs and organic pollutants.Polystyrene decreases negative impacts of sulfamethazine on bacterial diversity,and structure in soil.Polyethylene,polyvinyl-chloride and polystyrene have a strong adsorption capacity for 17β-estradiol.This implies that 17β-estradiol toxicity can be reduced by these MPs.At low concentrations,polyethylene,polypropylene,and polystyrene have low affinity to diazepam.In conclusion,serious ecological risks are associated with MPs and other pollutants'interactions to soil-plant system.展开更多
The main objective of this study is to explore the food security status among people living in rural Bangladesh.This paper draws on data collected during a field study conducted between September 15 and October 30,202...The main objective of this study is to explore the food security status among people living in rural Bangladesh.This paper draws on data collected during a field study conducted between September 15 and October 30,2022.The study examines the'Food Security Approach'developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization.This research investigated the current state of food availability,accessibility,utilization,and food stability among purposively selected informants in the study area.The study utilizes qualitative research tools,specifically in-depth interviews(IDIs),and focus group discussions(FGDs).In total,40 informants were chosen followed by purposive sampling and five FGDs were administered.It emerged that daily foodstuffs are not sufficiently available in nearby shops or markets to meet people's daily consumption needs.High food prices and transportation issues are meaningful indicators that shape whether food is accessible to consumers.A lack of a wide variety of dietary foods indicates the current state of food stability,while recent inflation and climatic factors such as drought and flash floods lead to food shortages.The research recommends that the government of Bangladesh(GoB)should upgrade social protection programs through Open Market Sales(OMS),and the informal sector to improve both people's consumption and production of food so that it is secured in the study area.展开更多
Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacter...Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.展开更多
文摘A community-based sheep cross breeding project was conducted in Ethiopia with exotic Awassi crossbred rams and less productive indigenous Tikur ewes.Fifty-five Awassi crossbred rams having 46,48,56 and 65%Awassi blood levels were purchased and distributed to the participating 84 farmers which had 2,884 breeding ewes.The overall least square mean weights for F1 and F2 generation lambs at birth,day 90,180,270 and yearling weight were 3.10±0.01,13.04±0.07,16.95±0.08,20.84±0.11 and 24.42±0.14 kg,respectively.Body weight traits were significantly affected by lambing year for birth weight(P<0.05),180-day(d)weight(P<0.05),270-d weight(P<0.001)and 360 d(yearling)weight(P<0.001)but no effect(P>0.05)was noted for 90-d weight(weaning weight).Season of lambing had significant effect(P<0.01)only for birth weight.There was a significant difference(P<0.001)among the different villages for birth weight,and for day 90,180,270 and 360 body weights.The study showed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with Tikur ewes can improve birth weight by 71.27%,90-d weight by 76.78%,180-d weight by 63.45%and yearling weight by 76.06%under farmer management practices.Results revealed that crossing Awassi crossbred rams with blood level of 56%and above with local Tikur ewes resulted in superior progenies that can fulfill export live weight standard of 25 kg at yearling weight.The future of Awassi-Tikur sheep farming must focus on feed supplementation strategies and on establishing cooperatives for farmers to improve their livelihoods.
文摘Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation(PNF)using nanostructured materials is a promising approach that is likely to rival the most expensive and highenergy-demanding Harber-Bosch method of ammonia synthesis.This is because the process is deemed the most sustainable method of nitrogen fixation,through the direct production of ammonia and/or nitrate from water and atmospheric nitrogen with the aid of sunlight;and the system has zero emission of carbon dioxide.The PNF process is receiving much attention making it among the hot research topics in recent years.There is,however,a knowledge gap between the photocatalytic processes and the nanostructured photocatalyst.In this review,therefore,recent breakthroughs and achievements in the photocatalytic reaction processes were discussed.In addition,the nanostructured photocatalysts used in nitrogen fixation were discussed in detail.This includes the importance of the nanomaterials in photocatalysis,the types used in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation,and the synthesis methods of the nanomaterials.Also,limitations that affect the photocatalytic reaction processes as well as the ways of overcoming them such as the creation of oxygen,sulphur,and nitrogen vacancies,doping techniques,formation of heterojunctions,and the use of cocatalysts were all discussed in detail.From the aforementioned discussions,PNF could be seen as the most eco-friendly and sustainable method of nitrogen fixation.However,understanding the mechanisms of PNF is very critical to identifying and designing an efficient photocatalytic system.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFE0111100)the Science and Technology Partnership Program,the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(KY202201002)+2 种基金the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Science and Technology(BZ2022017)support of China National Textile and Apparel Council(J202002)Jiangsu Advanced Textile Engineering Technology Center(XJFZ/2021/7).
文摘Calotropis gigantea fiber(CGF)is to a type of seed fiber collected from the fruits of the Calotropis gigantea(CG).From a sustainable biomass resource,CGF is a naturally abundant cellulose fiber with good economic value,excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability.CGF has a high hollow structure and is lightweight,which means CGF has received increasing attention in recent years as the starting material for fabrication of different types of functional materials.In this paper,we have reviewed the morphology and characteristics of CGF,including its biological properties,chemical composition,and physical properties.Additionally,we provide an overview of the recent advancements in the extraction process,toughening treatment process,spinning process,and weaving process of CGF,which have garnered significant attention from researchers in the field.The applications of CGF in the fields of environment processing,antibacterial,and smart materials are also summarized.Finally,the challenges and development prospects of CGF are introduced with the ultimate goal of implementing its potential in real-world applications.
文摘Restricted access to quality crops and markets limits the capacity of rural communities to generate income in the mountainous regions of South and Southeast Asia,often resulting in the exploitation of forest systems,a subsequent decline in forest health,and the need for alternative means of income generation as well as forest restoration programmes.Cultivation of edible and medicinal mushrooms has been shown to be a feasible alternative source of income and also contributes to the household nutrition of rural and impoverished communities.There are a number of ongoing programmes in South and Southeast Asia currently implementing trainings and demonstrative practices for the cultivation of mushrooms at the village level.In this context,we implemented different cultivation strategies in selected rural areas in the Chin State,Myanmar.The cultivation strategies were to 1)introduce mushroom cultivation using locally sourced raw materials as substrates for rural communities unfamiliar with mushroom cultivation;and 2)improve the technical knowledge of those already experienced in mushroom cultivation in order to increase yield and minimize challenges in production systems.We introduced Pleurotus sp.cultivation to mushroom growers in the Chin state,Myanmar.These cultivation strategies will help further improve and develop mushroom industries in rural areas and contribute to rural development.In addition,we focused on cultivation systems that incorporate the use of crop residues and woody substrates in order to ensure a sustainable,integrated approach.
文摘In 2018/19,a study was conducted in the East Gojjam Zone of Northwestern Ethiopia to show the current potato cultivation problems relating to inorganic fertilizers at the farm level.The study used a mixture of 0,34.5,and 69 kg P2O5 and 0,100,200,and 300 kg K2O.RCBD(Randomized Complete Block Design)was used with three replications.Using a mixture of 34.5 kg P2O5 and 200 kg K2O yielded a significant total and marketable yield of 49.14 t ha and 48.32 t ha,respectively(with an Ethiopian birr in the net reward of 236,172.40),In addition,this treatment surpass other treatments and produced a marginal rate of return that was higher than the least acceptable marginal rate of return.As a result,it is recommended that a combined fertilizer application method be used to optimize the economic return from potato production in the study area.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(42073080,32361143516)the Yichun Innovation Driven 5511 Project in 2019,and Yunnan Provincial Department of Scientific and Technology(202205AC160045,202204BL090014)Chinathe postdoctoral project(2021)of the Department of Human Resources and Social Security of Yunnan.
文摘Agricultural Jiaosu is rich in nutrients and plant-beneficial microbial communities,and thus has great potential in reducing fertilizer dosage and improving fertilizer use efficiency.This pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of agricultural Jiaosu on the growth and yield of rice.The experiment employed three agricultural Jiaosu treatments(i.e.,soil solid agricultural Jiaosu,soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu,leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu)in various combinations,along with one control treatment(chemical fertilizer).Results revealed that plant height of rive agricultural Jiaosu treatments were higher than that of the control treatment,with the ranks as follows:JT(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu),JY(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu),JA(soil solid agricultural Jiaosu+soil liquid agricultural Jiaosu+leaf liquid agricultural Jiaosu)and F(conventional fertilizer)during harvest.The ratio of panicle biomass to total biomass and straw of three types of Jiaosu treatments was significantly higher than that in the chemical fertilizer treatment,indicating that agricultural Jiaosu treatment altered the dry matter distribution characteristics of rice.The yield per plant of JA treatment(49.35±2.43 g)was 8.51%higher than chemical fertilizer treatment.Additionally,the correlation between soil nutrients and plant growth and yield analysis indicated that agricultural Jiaosu has higher nutrient use efficiency with lower input of N,P,and K.The study highlights the potential function of agricultural Jiaosu in promoting crop growth and yields while reducing the need for fertilization.
基金“Agroforestry Systems for restoration and bio-industry technology development(grant no:2017YFC0505101)”the Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP-IAS07,CAAS-XTCX2016011-01)+2 种基金Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition(2004DA125184G1103)Bureau of International Cooperation Chinese Academy of Sciences(151853KYSB20160032)CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change(FTA-FP5).
文摘The primary challenge of the contemporary world is to meet accelerating requirements for food.Limited land,competition between crop and livestock farming and climate change are major challenges.Agroforestry offer a form of sustainable agriculture through the direct provision of food by raising farmers’incomes and through various ecosystem services.The first essential step in adopting agroforestry is the selection of appropriate tree species that fit local climates.In this paper,we mapped 20 fodder trees and important crops in China using the multi-model ensemble and Ecocrop modelling approach.Relying on the intersectional concept of set theory,the fuzzy logic technique was applied to identify regions where candidate trees could be grown with appropriate crops and livestock.The resulting models provide important insights into the climatic suitability of trees and crops and offer knowledge critical to the proper integration of trees with crops and livestock at specific locations.The results offer support for developing appropriate strategies regarding potential land-use within agroforestry systems in order to maximize ecosystem services and the benefits of sustainable agriculture.Model outputs could easily convert into conventional maps with clearly defined boundaries for site-specific planning for tree-crop-livestock integration.The next step for actualizing an integrated system is to investigate specifically what these different species may contribute to the existing farming systems,quantify the benefits and estimate any possible tradeoffs.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0800106)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572210,31872403,71961137011)+5 种基金Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences-CAS(QYZDY-SSWSMC014)Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources-CAS(ZD201802)the Key Research Program-CAS(KFJ-STS-ZDTP-053)Hebei Dairy Cattle Innovation Team of Modern Agroindustry Technology Research System,China(HBCT2018120206)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2019101)Outstanding Young Scientists Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei(C2019503054).
文摘Heterogenous distribution of crops,feed and livestock across China has halted the circulation of nutrients within the agricultural system and is responsible for massive nutrient losses[1,2].Generated livestock manure exceeded optimal crop requirements in 30%and 50%of over 2300 studied counties when there was improved recycling of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)in the food chain,repectively[2].Most of these counties are located in southern and coastal areas,whereas there is a deficit of livestock manure in northern and western China.Such heterogenous distribution of crop-livestock production led to 4.0 Tg manure N and 0.9 Tg manure P[2],which are economically impossible to recycle and will end up in the surrounding environment.In addition,about 40%of feed protein consumed by domestic livestock production relied on importation,putting China’s livestock production supply at high risk in the post pandemic world[3].Hence,China is facing the twin issues of too many manure nutrients but too little feed nutrients simultaneously.
基金This study was funded by a grant(No.90302013)of National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘Soil horizon and vegetation cover significantly impact the spatial patterns of soil fungal and bacterial communities.However,such impacts and their interactions are poorly characterized in dry–hot environments.Soil samples were collected from two soil horizons(humus and mineral)along a vegetation gradient(shrubland,grassland,and shrub–grass ecotone)in a dry-hot valley of Southwestern China to assess the effects of vegetation versus soil horizons on shaping soil microbial communities.We used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to estimate the microbial spatial pattern change across the vegetation gradients and clone libraries targeting small subunit rRNA genes to characterize the microbial community structures between distinct vegetation types and soil horizons.Bacterial DNA profile patterns were not significantly different across vegetation types but strongly correlated with soil horizons,with significant interaction effects.By contrast,fungi were remarkably different across vegetation types and soil horizons,without significant interactions effect.Distinct vegetation types did not necessarily harbor distinct bacterial or fungal community compositions.Rather,both community compositions were most strongly affected by the soil horizons.Together with these results,the soil vertical heterogeneity rather than vegetation changes is suggested to best predict shifts in soil microbial communities in this dry-hot valley area.
文摘Coconut,as one of the main components of the daily Sri Lankan diet and one of the predominant crops grown in different agroecological zones except in higher elevations,has become a major export-earning crop.Its productivity is limited by adverse climatic changes in coconut growing areas,biotic and abiotic stresses,and poor agronomic practices.Cover cropping has been identified as a rewarding and time-tested farming solution that increases the productivity of most coconut land while addressing the above issues.It is the practice of growing plants for modifying soil properties,controlling pests and diseases,facilitating crop growth and yield,reducing chemical dependency,enabling the coconut-animal farming system,and generating extra profit.Legumes,fodder and pasture grasses have been identified as the common and trending cover crops for Sri Lanka.Comprehensive knowledge of selecting suitable cover crops,planting materials and proper agronomic practices are important for a successful cover cropping system under coconut.Farmers avoid this practice due to their ignorance on cover cropping,and its benefits,and due to the aggressive characteristics of cover crops such as reappearing behaviour,being an alternative host for pathogens,and competitiveness for natural resources.In this review,the unique attributes of common cover crop species are explained.Furthermore,the variety of on-farm benefits and ecosystem services of cover cropping and some important agronomic considerations are reviewed.Finally,future research potential for recommending new species and their adaptability to a wide range of ecological and ecosystem circumstances under coconut cultivation are investigated.
基金funding for the research was received from the Science and Engineering Research Board,New Delhi through Core Grant project funding No.CRG/2019/002856:'Optimizing cereal productivity under RCP projected climatic scenarios by mid and end of 21^(st)century in Punjab'is duly acknowledged.The actual field datasets used for calibration and validation of CERES-Rice model collected under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture(CRIDA)research scheme'All India Coordinated Research Project on Agrometeorology'is duly acknowledged.
文摘The CERES-Rice(V4.7.5)model was used to identify the optimum transplanting window for higher productivity of rice in Indian Punjab.The model was first sensitized for 11 genetic coefficients and then these values were used for calibrating and validating the model for rice cultivars.The Normalized Root Mean Square Error was in excellent range(<10%)for all the parameters—the coefficient of determination(R2)for CVS.PR126 and PR127 for days taken to anthesis and maturity were 0.94 and 0.89−0.96,respectively while grain yield and LAI(leaf area index)were 0.89−0.98 and 0.87−0.89,respectively.The optimum transplanting window of 24−30 June for PR126 and 20−26 June for PR127 simulated the grain yield/LAI ranging from 8,425−8,473 kg·ha^(−1)/4.23−4.24 for PR126 and 8,298−8,356 kg·ha^(−1)/4.20−4.21 for PR127.The early transplantation of rice cultivars on 7th June resulted in the lowest yield/LAI of 6,702 kg·ha^(−1)/3.8 for PR126 and 6,865 kg·ha^(−1)/3.9 for PR127.The deviation for the grain yield and HI(harvest index)of PR126 was between−14.2%to+8.2%and−15.1%to+10.5%,respectively,and of PR127 varied between−11.2%to+8.1%and−14.2%to+10.6%,respectively.The decline in the yield/HI from the average was observed during early transplantation in 2^(nd)week of June(before the 15^(th)of June for PR126 and the 13^(th)of June for PR127)as well as late transplantation in the 1st week of July(after 11^(th)July for PR126 and 6^(th)July for PR127)for rice cultivars.The negative effect on yield and HI of both varieties during early and late transplantation could be due to unfavorable climatic conditions.
基金the Key Project from the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(No:2017YFC0505101)CGIAR Research Program on Forests,Trees and Agroforestry(FTA).REG was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative(PIFI)for visiting scientists.
文摘In this overview paper,we outline and explore problems and prospects for circular agriculture’s contributions to transformative change toward sustainable food systems in the Anthropocene.We define circular agriculture(CA)and provide historical context on its development.We then discuss how CA can contribute to food system transformations in four key areas:multi-functional landscapes;sustainable intensification(focusing on nitrogen/crop-livestock management and digital agriculture);smallholder farmers;and dietary change.We find that food systems transitions will be challenging due to the depth,scale,and speed of changes necessary for humans to remain within safe planetary boundaries out to 2050.
基金NSFC-CGIAR Project"Characterization of roots and their associated rhizosphere microbes in agroforestry systems:ecological restoration in high-phosphorus environment",Grant No.31861143002the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department,Key Project(Grant No.202101AS070045)+2 种基金the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB954100)National Science Foundation China(Grant No.31270524)the CGIAR Research Programs on Forests,Trees and Agroforestry and Climate Change,Agriculture,and Food Security.
文摘Biomass is fundamental to circular agricultural systems.Estimates of above-and below-ground biomass on agricultural land based upon IPCC Tier 1 estimates are compared with an updated carbon density map based on remote sensing,with results indicating the methodology and initial estimations are robust.Two scenarios are evaluated to estimate carbon sequestration potential of increasing tree cover on agricultural land:1)incremental change and 2)a systemic change to agroforestry.Estimates of above-and below ground biomass carbon were combined with a tree cover analysis to estimate the increase in biomass.Global increases(4−6 PgC for incremental change;12−19 PgC for systemic change)highlight substantial mitigation potential.Increasing global tree cover on agricultural land by 10%would sequester more than 18 PgC.South America has the highest potential,followed by Southeast Asia,West and Central Africa,and North America.Brazil,Indonesia,Philippines,India,the United States and China are among the top countries with the highest carbon sequestration potential on agricultural land with increased tree cover.
文摘The widespread use and production of plastic have led to increased accumulation of plastic waste in the environment which threatens terrestrial and marine life.Efficient methods for management of plastic waste remain a key challenge.Biodegradation of plastics is considered an environmentally safe method,but is still limited to laboratory scale.Several previous studies have reported microbial enzymes capable of degrading plastic.These discoveries offer a promising starting point for the development of biocatalyzed plastic degradation technology.In this review,we discuss recent advancements and applications of biocatalyst technology.We also describe the different steps for development of biocatalyzed plastic degradation technology and the major issues related to each stage.Breakthroughs in research into biocatalyzed plastic degradation would lead to new opportunities for sustainable alleviation of the worldwide problem of plastic waste accumulation.
文摘The present study aimed to understand the current situation of diverse crop production in the northern region of Bangladesh.It also focused on sustainable production and consumption(SDG-12)and its association with crop diversification in the study area.The study adopted several tools and techniques of qualitative methods to design,collect data,and analyze them.By utilizing a non-random,purposive sampling,we chose some selected areas in northern Bangladesh,and following the sampling procedure,50 farmers(small-scale agriculture producers)were selected to answer the central research questions and study-specific objectives.As part of the qualitative data analysis technique,this research employed a'thematic analysis'tool to categorize the collected data under appropriate sub-themes which highlighted the study's major aims and objectives.It is demonstrated that crop diversification is one of the most important strategies for ensuring sustainable agriculture and production.In addition,diverse agricultural production plays a vital role in ensuring farmers'accessibility to food for household consumption.The study recommends that crop diversification should be thoroughly encouraged by the government of Bangladesh(GoB)to achieve SDG-12(Sustainable Production and Consumption)by 2030.Additionally,the relevant officials of the GoB should provide necessary high-yielding seeds of diverse crops among the peasants in rural Bangladesh.Further research can be carried out on climate-resilient local food production systems to ensure sustainable food production and consumption in the country.
基金Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China 2017YFC0505101,NSFC-CGIAR 31861143002Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department 202003AD150004+3 种基金PEM thanks the National Science Foundation of China for financial support from grants 41761144055 and 41771063HG was supported by Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects(2019FB063)NSFC Grant 32001296Austin Smith substantially clarified our presentation.
文摘Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)provide benefits to most crop species via enhanced nutrient uptake,increased drought and abiotic stress resistance,and reduced effects of pathogens and pests.Much remains unclear regarding the specific mechanisms influencing these processes,and the critical roles of AMF are often overlooked in planning agroecological systems.There is growing consensus,however,around the important roles AMF play in improving plant resilience and crop yield while also enhancing the functioning of soil microbial communities.Heterogeneous practices across all scales complicate the successful integration of AMF in agroecological systems.AMF symbioses with crops are passive,or stimulated by incorporation of crop wastes in soil,soil inoculation with AMF spores,or the planting inoculated of seeds.Here we suggest that AMF can have highest beneficial impacts in areas with low levels of agrochemical inputs.We argue that areas with intensive agrochemical inputs can also be made more sustainable with AMF enhancements.
文摘Vegetables are very important for human health in the era of nutritional security because they are rich in vitamins,minerals,phytochemicals,and dietary fibers.Inadequate pollination due to the decline of pollinators is a major obstacle in achieving high productivity of vegetables that adversely affects the quality and quantity of seed production of vegetables.Bee pollination influences the profitability and productivity of several horticultural crops,especially vegetables.Bee pollination significantly increases crop quality and yield,and it also has widespread nutritional and monetary advantages.Bees encounter various obstacles that might negatively impact their quality of life,such as habitat destruction,effects of agrochemicals,insect-pest and diseases,and changing weather scenarios.The inadvertent usage of agrochemicals contaminates the vegetables and the bee products that are eventually consumed by humans.To meet the pollination demand of cross-pollinated vegetables like cucurbits and cole crops,3−5 bee colonies/hectare are sufficient.Aspects like colony conditions,beehive densities,distribution,and time of placement of bee colonies must be considered to improve bee pollination.Bees are recognized as the most important pollinators because of their effectiveness and wider availability across the globe.To ensure food security,nutritional security,and to preserve biodiversity,bee pollination must be enhanced and given prime importance in vegetables.The integrated pollination technique,which recently arose but is in the infancy stage,links wild and managed bees on more bee-friendly farmlands to provide reliable and sufficient pollination.
基金gratefully acknowledge funding from the Postdoctoral Directional Training Foundation of Yunnan(Grant No.EO3A581261)CAS-President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2021PB00094)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31861143002)Prof.Jianchu Xu acknowledges funding from Yunnan Department of Sciences and Technology of China(Grant Nos 202101AS070045,202205 AM070007,202302AE090023,202303AP140001).
文摘Although research on microplastics(MPs)interactions with other soil pollutants is increasingly becoming available,most studies do not consider risks to soil fertility or plant growth.This review aims:1)to summarize the results of current studies on interactions between MPs,heavy metals,and organic pollutants;and 2)subsequently evaluate risks to the soil-plant nexus.Available-literature shows that polypropylene,polyethylene and polylactic acid increase cadmium(Cd)bioavailability and subsequently reduce root growth.Such effects are not evident in sandy or clay soils due to the formation of CdCO3 and iron-oxide by altered bacterial communities that stabilize Cd contamination.Chronic instead of short-term exposure to polystyrene in copper(Cu)-polluted soils decreases crop yield.With coexistence of MPs and lead(Pb)in soil,the uptake of Pb in crops increases,causing altered malondialdehyde content and superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities.Moreover,co-toxicity of polystyrene or polytetrafluoroethylene with arsenic(As)decreases root biomass,photosynthesis rate and the chlorophyll-a content.In alkaline soil,polyvinyl-chloride could decrease the bioavailability of MeHg due to changes in the abundance of Proteobacteria,and Firmicutes.We also found strong interactions between MPs and organic pollutants.Polystyrene decreases negative impacts of sulfamethazine on bacterial diversity,and structure in soil.Polyethylene,polyvinyl-chloride and polystyrene have a strong adsorption capacity for 17β-estradiol.This implies that 17β-estradiol toxicity can be reduced by these MPs.At low concentrations,polyethylene,polypropylene,and polystyrene have low affinity to diazepam.In conclusion,serious ecological risks are associated with MPs and other pollutants'interactions to soil-plant system.
文摘The main objective of this study is to explore the food security status among people living in rural Bangladesh.This paper draws on data collected during a field study conducted between September 15 and October 30,2022.The study examines the'Food Security Approach'developed by the Food and Agricultural Organization.This research investigated the current state of food availability,accessibility,utilization,and food stability among purposively selected informants in the study area.The study utilizes qualitative research tools,specifically in-depth interviews(IDIs),and focus group discussions(FGDs).In total,40 informants were chosen followed by purposive sampling and five FGDs were administered.It emerged that daily foodstuffs are not sufficiently available in nearby shops or markets to meet people's daily consumption needs.High food prices and transportation issues are meaningful indicators that shape whether food is accessible to consumers.A lack of a wide variety of dietary foods indicates the current state of food stability,while recent inflation and climatic factors such as drought and flash floods lead to food shortages.The research recommends that the government of Bangladesh(GoB)should upgrade social protection programs through Open Market Sales(OMS),and the informal sector to improve both people's consumption and production of food so that it is secured in the study area.
基金the Key Project from the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of China(No:2017YFC0505101).
文摘Mycorrhizal and N-fixing root symbioses evolved at two points in the past when global CO_(2)was highest,consistent with the high demand these symbioses place on host C.Trees hosting both mycorrhiza and N-fixing bacteria are able to fix more atmospheric CO_(2)and grow at faster rates than non-symbiotic plants,or plants with only mycorrhiza.We argue that on the basis of this improved C capture,N-fixing trees act as C-pumps,sequestering C and locking it in biomass,thus,if properly managed,can contribute significantly towards the mitigation of rising CO_(2)levels.
