Background:Holy cow(Bos indicus)urine is often considered a valuable therapeutic agent in India for treatment of many illnesses including infectious diseases.This study was conducted to assess the presence of potentia...Background:Holy cow(Bos indicus)urine is often considered a valuable therapeutic agent in India for treatment of many illnesses including infectious diseases.This study was conducted to assess the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and to determine antibacterial activity of cow urine vis a vis human and buffalo urine using standard bacteriological methods.Method:The study on 73 urine samples(Murra buffalo,Bubalus bubalis 13;Sahiwal cattle,Bos indicus 11;Tharparkar cattle,Bos indicus 18;Vrindavani cattle,a cross bred strain of Bos indicus and Bos taurus 12,and 19 humans),were collected aseptically and bacteriological analysis was done using standard clinical bacteriological methods.To determine antibacterial activity of filter-sterilized urine agar well diffusion and microplate broth dilution methods,against a battery of 18 strains,were used.Results:Revealed presence of at least 14 types of potentially harmful bacteria in fresh urine samples,Escherichia coli,was the most common detected in 13 samples followed by Hafnia alvei(11),Staphylococcus epidermidis(8),Bacillus mycoides(7),Proteus mirabilis(5),Enterococcus faecium(4),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(3),Enterococcus faecalis(3),Paenibacillus pantothenticus(3),Salmonella enterica ssp.enterica Ser Enteritidis(3),Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp.pneumoniae(2),Pantoea agglomerans(2),Erwinia rhapontici(1),and Providencia rettgeri(1).The analysis for antimicrobial activity of filter-sterilized urine samples(73)against 18 test strains revealed that none of the urine could inhibit bacterial growth in agar well diffusion assay and 45 samples failed to inhibit any of the 18 bacteria with broth dilution assay.Those 28 urine samples which inhibited growth of one or more test bacteria were not bactericidal.For most of the test strains,there was no significant(P>0.05)difference in antibacterial potential of different urines irrespective of species,breed and sex of urine donors.However,S.epidermidis was inhibited by significantly(P<0.05)more human male urine samples than human female urine samples.Buffalo urine samples were more often inhibitory to A.xyloxidans than urine of human and all three types of cattle(P<0.05).Similarly,urine of buffaloes was significantly(P<0.05)more effective on E.rhapaontici and S.epidermidis than urine from humans,Tharparkar and Vrindavani cattle.There was no significant(P>0.05)difference in antibacterial activity of urines of three different breeds of cattle(Sahiwal,Tharparkar and Vrindavani).Conclusion:The study concluded that a sizeable proportion of urine samples from apparently healthy individuals carry potentially pathogenic bacteria.The urine of some individuals irrespective of sex and breed or species might be inhibitory to a select group of bacteria but the belief,that holy cow urine is antibacterial,can’t be generalized.In no case,fresh urine can be recommended for human consumption.展开更多
In Candida species,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress response—regulated by the unfolded protein response(UPR)—serves as a critical adaptive mechanism affecting both pathogenicity and antifungal resistance.This rev...In Candida species,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress response—regulated by the unfolded protein response(UPR)—serves as a critical adaptive mechanism affecting both pathogenicity and antifungal resistance.This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on ER stress pathways in Candida glabrata and Candida albicans,highlighting their species-specific adaptations and therapeutic implications.We systematically analyzed peer-reviewed literature on ER stress mechanisms in Candida,focusing on comparative studies of UPR signaling.Emphasis was placed on C.glabrata’s inositol-requiring enzyme 1(IRE1)-dependent Regulated IRE1-Dependent Decay(RIDD)pathway and C.albicans’IRE1/HAC1 and calcium-mediated pathways.Connections to virulence and drug resistance were evaluated through genetic,transcriptomic,and phenotypic evidence.Candida species employ divergent UPR strategies:C.glabrata mitigates ER stress primarily via RIDD-mediated mRNA decay to reduce protein load,while C.albicans enhances folding capacity through HAC1 splicing and calcium homeostasis.These adaptations promote survival in hostile host environments(e.g.,oxidative stress,immune attacks)and are linked to resistance against azoles and echinocandins.Pharmacological disruption of UPR components(e.g.,IRE1 inhibitors)sensitizes Candida to antifungals in experimental models.ER stress response pathways are promising targets for antifungal drug development.Understanding species-specific UPR mechanisms in Candida could guide novel therapies to overcome resistance and improve treatment outcomes.展开更多
Background:COVID-19 remains a common threat to public health.In this study,we evaluated the antiviral effects and safety of Darunavir/Cobicisitat(DRV/c)in patients with confirmed COVID-19.Patients and Methods:We studi...Background:COVID-19 remains a common threat to public health.In this study,we evaluated the antiviral effects and safety of Darunavir/Cobicisitat(DRV/c)in patients with confirmed COVID-19.Patients and Methods:We studied 66 patients with COVID-19 infection who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University between February 3 and March 11,2020.The patients were divided into the DRV/c and the control groups.The primary endpoint was the time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion detected in respiratory specimens.Results:Subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection(n=66)were enrolled in this study;32 subjects were enrolled in the DRV/c group and 34 in the control group.The mean time to nucleic acid conversion(NAC)was shorter in the DRV/c group.The cumulative nucleic acid conversion rate(CNACR)in the DRV/c group was higher during the first two weeks,but the difference was not statistically significant.The proportion of fever during hospitalization in the DRV/c group was significantly lower than in the control group(P-value=0.01).It was found that,in the DRV/c group,the NAC of patients with a duration from symptom onset to admission within three days was significantly shorter(7.9±6.7 days)than in patients with a duration from symptom onset to admission above three days(15.9±7.1 days)(P=0.01).Conclusion:Although the combination of DRV/c and routine treatment for patients with non-severe COVID-19 can significantly reduce the proportion of fever after admission,no significant differences were observed between the DRV/c group and the conventional therapy group,including the overall time to NAC,safety,and tolerability.展开更多
Objective:To explore the therapeutic target and molecular mechanism of Herba Eupatorii in the intervention of COVID-19(coronavirus disease 2019)by network pharmacology.Methods:TCMSP(Traditional Chinese Medicine System...Objective:To explore the therapeutic target and molecular mechanism of Herba Eupatorii in the intervention of COVID-19(coronavirus disease 2019)by network pharmacology.Methods:TCMSP(Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform)and TCMIP V2.0(Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine)databases were used to search the active ingredients and corresponding drug targets of Herba Eupatorii.Related targets of COVID-19 were searched in Genecards,pharmGKB,CTD,Drugbank and TTD databases.After the intersection targets were selected using VENNY 2.1 online platform,the PPI(protein-protein interaction)network was downloaded into STRING database,and the data were analyzed and sorted out using Cytoscape software to obtain the potential key targets for the treatment of COVID-19 by Herba Eupatorii.At the same time,using the data of active ingredients and intersection targets,a network of"TCM-active ingredients-key targets"was constructed in Cytoscape software to screen out chemical molecules with potential therapeutic effects.GO(Gene Ontology)functional enrichment analysis and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes)pathway enrichment analysis of key target proteins were performed by R software.AutoDock Vina program was used for molecular docking of the top 5 active ingredients and key targets to calculate the minimum binding energy.Results:There were 26 active ingredients,160 targets,and 1969 pathogenic genes of COVID-19,among which 59 genes were intersection targets of drugs and diseases.After PPI network screening,the key target proteins were AKT1(RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase),JUN(transcription factor AP-1),TP53(cellular tumor antigen p53),ACTB(actin beta)and EGFR(epidermal growth factor receptor).Through the network of"TCM-Active Ingredients-Key Targets",Luteolin,Eupatolin,Stigmasterol,Eupatoriopicrin and Dammaradienyl acetate were identified as the active ingredients with potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of COVID-19.After R software was used for GO enrichment analysis,1978 GO items were obtained(P<0.05),including 1870 BP items,26 CC items and 82 MF items.149 pathways were obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis(P<0.05).It mainly involves IL-17(interleukin-17)signaling pathway,TNF(tumor necrosis factor)signaling pathway,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B)signaling pathway,and T Cell receptor signaling pathway,etc.The molecular docking results showed that the active ingredients had good binding activity with key targets.Conclusion:Through the potential chemical constituents of Luteolin,Eupatolin,Stigmasterol,Eupatoriopicrin and Dammaradienyl acetate,Herba Eupatorii may act on AKT1,JUN,TP53,ACTB,EGFR and other targets.Involvement in IL-17 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,C-Type Lectin receptor signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,T Cell receptor signaling pathway and other pathways play an anti-inflammatory and antiviral roles in intervening in the occurrence and development of COVID-19.展开更多
Dear Editor,Although the World Health Organization(WHO)has declared an end to the global emergency for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)[1],the clinical burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease...Dear Editor,Although the World Health Organization(WHO)has declared an end to the global emergency for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)[1],the clinical burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease(SARS-CoV-2)has not yet subsided[2,3],especially after the emergence of new variants such as EG.5 and BA.2.86,whose genetic leap is so large that it may contribute to increase the number of new COVID-19 cases,hospitalizations,and deaths[3].Some physical preventive measures,such as mask-wearing,hand hygiene,and isolation of positive cases,play an important role.However,widespread vaccination remains the cornerstone to contain the spread of the virus and mitigate the potential harm to human health.展开更多
The novel corona virus pandemic is responsible for millions of confirmed cases until now.This pandemic highlighted some weaknesses regarding proper control of pandemics such as the lack of medical supplies,diagnostic ...The novel corona virus pandemic is responsible for millions of confirmed cases until now.This pandemic highlighted some weaknesses regarding proper control of pandemics such as the lack of medical supplies,diagnostic tests,medical protective equipment,and high rate of healthcare workers infection.Thinking outside the box should be our way to be prepared for any upcoming pandemic.New medical specialties,developing international research standards,developing new virus eradication and purification methods,inventing new medical protective equipment,supporting integrative methods of management,increasing public awareness and upgrading medical education and practice were suggested.展开更多
Dear Editor,The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)poses a serious threat to global health security.The disease severity of patie...Dear Editor,The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)poses a serious threat to global health security.The disease severity of patients with symptomatic COVID-19 can be divided into mild,moderate,severe,and critical[1],and more than 80% of the patients have mild and moderate severity(common type)[2].展开更多
Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS-CoV-2)is the prime cause of the current global COVID-19 pandemic originating from Wuhan,the Hubei province of China.Since then the infection has affected more than ten million pe...Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS-CoV-2)is the prime cause of the current global COVID-19 pandemic originating from Wuhan,the Hubei province of China.Since then the infection has affected more than ten million people across the globe,and caused nearly half a million deaths worldwide.The virus has now spread all over the world as a pandemic.Covid-19 remains a major challenge to tackle,presently there is no antiviral treatment available.In this review we will address the current and emerging laboratory techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.Real Time PCR assay commonly known as the Reverse transcriptase Assay is the gold standard and a widely accepted test clinically.Seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 is performed using ELISA and antigen detection as rapid tests.In clinical practice identification of the disease is done on the basis of chest radiographs,computer tomography,(CT)and Positron Emission Tomography(PET)scans.As the pandemic has now progressed,newer methods of detection like CRISPR’s,nanotechnology enabled solutions,and biosensors have emerged as newer techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2.展开更多
To the editors,Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)becomes a global pandemic at the end of 2019 and is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).This letter mainly discusses the relations...To the editors,Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)becomes a global pandemic at the end of 2019 and is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).This letter mainly discusses the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)and thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients with venous thromboembolism(VTE)or acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).展开更多
Background:Vancomycin resistance(VR)in staphylococci is emerging fast and posing serious health problems as vancomycin is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infecti...Background:Vancomycin resistance(VR)in staphylococci is emerging fast and posing serious health problems as vancomycin is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections.Much research has been done on vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(VRSA)strains infecting humans and animals but little is understood about other vancomycin-resistant staphylococci(VRS).This study was conducted to determine diversity among staphylococcal species causing infections and to know effective antimicrobials for therapeutic intervention for treatment of infections with vancomycin resistant staphylococci.Methods:Antimicrobial susceptibility data of 620 strains of staphylococci isolated from January 2016 to December 2023 from referred clinical samples were retrieved with their host of origin and association with different types of infections in animals,birds and humans from Clinical Epidemiology of the Institute.All isolates were tested for VR through their growing ability on vancomycin-supplemented(6µg mL-1)brain heart infusion agar.Data was analysed in Microsoft Excel.Results:Staphylococci strains(620)belonged to 26 species and 287 vancomycin-resistant.Of the 287 VRS strains detected only 46(16.03%)were VRSA.Irrespective of their origin and association with different ailments VRS strains were more resistant to herbal and conventional antimicrobial than VSS strains.The most effective antibiotics inhibiting≥80%of the staphylococci were tigecycline,imipenem,nitrofurantoin,linezolid and chloramphenicol inhibiting 88%,86%,86%,81%and 81%of the MRS and 92.31%,94.88%,92.25%,89.09%and 86.56%VRS strains,respectively.Among herbal antimicrobials,the most effective herbal compound was carvacrol followed by thyme oil,cinnamledehyde and ajowan oil,inhibiting≥80%of the strains.VR was most common among S.xylosus,S.schleiferi,and S.delphini strains while S.caseolyticus strains had the least probability of having VR.Staphylococci from mastitis cases had the least probability of possessing VR while those from wound infection had the highest probability of having VR.Conclusion:The study revealed that besides S.aureus,25 more species of staphylococci may be infecting animals,birds and humans.VR was more common in S.xylosus,S.schleiferi,S.auricularis,S.delphini and S.hyicus than in S.aureus strains,and of the VRS and MRS strains,83.97%and 83.46%were non-VRSA and non-methicillin-resistant S.aureus,respectively.Imipenem,tigecycline,nitrofurantoin,chloramphenicol,linezolid,meropenem and minocycline may be a better choice for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin as well as vancomycin-resistant staphylococci.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the infection of patients in the ICU with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(XDRAB)and analyse the effect of tigecycline therapy for XDRAB.Methods:Seventy-one patients admitted...Objective:To investigate the infection of patients in the ICU with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(XDRAB)and analyse the effect of tigecycline therapy for XDRAB.Methods:Seventy-one patients admitted to the ICU with XDRAB infection from January 2013 to July 2017 were divided into the tigecycline group(combination therapy with 50 mg tigecycline and 0.1 g minocycline every 12 hours)or the control group(no tigecycline treatment).Patient data,including age,sex,history of malignant tumour,body temperature,APACHE Ⅱ score,ALT,AST,GGT,TB,ALB,TBIL,DBIL,IBIL,BUN,Cr,absolute neutrophil count,procalcitonin(PCT),site positive for XDRAB infection,length of stay,and prognosis,were collected and compared between the two groups.Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the prognostic risk factors for XDRAB.Results:A total of 61.6% of the patients infected with XDRAB had multiple sites of XDRAB colonization.The cure rate achieved in the tigecycline group was higher than that of the control group(70.7%vs 41.9%).Multivariate analysis showed that older age,a high level of PCT after treatment and the absence of tigecycline treatment were poor prognostic factors for XDRAB infection.Conclusion:Combination therapy with tigecycline and minocycline is effective for XDRAB infection and reduces the cost of treatment.Combined therapy with tigecycline is a predictor of good prognosis for patients infected with XDRAB,whereas older age and increased PCT levels after treatment are predictors of poor prognosis.展开更多
The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR...The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR.However,their clinical translation is hindered by their inherently low immunogenicity,often requiring potent adjuvants and advanced delivery systems.Biomembrane nanostructures(e.g.,liposomes,exosomes,and cell membrane-derived nanostructures),characterized by superior biocompatibility,intrinsic targeting ability,and immune-modulating properties,could serve as versatile platforms that potentiate vaccine efficacy by increasing antigen stability,enabling codelivery of immunostimulants,and facilitating targeted delivery to lymphoid tissues/antigen-presenting cells.This intrinsic immunomodulation promotes robust humoral and cellular immune responses to combat bacteria.This review critically reviews(1)key biomembrane nanostructure classes for bacterial protein antigens,(2)design strategies leveraging biomembrane nanostructures to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses,(3)preclinical efficacy against diverse pathogens,and(4)translational challenges and prospects.Biomembrane nanostructure-driven approaches represent a paradigm shift in the development of next-generation bacterial protein vaccines against resistant infections.展开更多
Objective:Since the opportunity of widespread administration of the fourth mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine dose remains controversial,this article provides a pooled analysis of the efficacy of the...Objective:Since the opportunity of widespread administration of the fourth mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine dose remains controversial,this article provides a pooled analysis of the efficacy of the second COVID-19 mRNA-based homologous vaccine booster in eliciting anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibody response in general immunocompetent populations.Methods:We conducted a digital search in Medline using the keywords"fourth dose"or"second booster"and"antibodies"and"COVID-19"or"SARS-CoV-2"and"BNT162b2"or"mRNA-1273",to identify all clinical studies which evaluated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibody response after the fourth mRNA-based COVID-19 homologous vaccine dose administration in general immunocompetent populations compared to the response seen before its administration and after the first booster.Results:Four studies totaling 571 recipients of the second mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine booster were finally included in our analysis.The weighted mean difference(WMD)ratio of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies levels measured after and before administration of the fourth vaccine dose was 9.7(95%CI,6.5-12.9)in those receiving BNT162b2 and 12.0(95%CI,5.8-18.2)in those receiving mRNA-1273,respectively.The WMD ratio of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies levels measured at the peak of the fourth and third vaccine doses was 1.4(95%CI,1.2-1.7)in those receiving BNT162b2 and 1.9(95%CI,1.5-2.4)in those receiving mRNA-1273,respectively.Conclusion:Our data confirm the efficacy of the fourth mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine dose in restoring a satisfactory level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies,though such effectiveness seems only marginally superior to that of the first booster.展开更多
The use of natural antibacterial compounds in tcontroling and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi has been extensively evaluated.Plant extracts have been studied in the past years as ant...The use of natural antibacterial compounds in tcontroling and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi has been extensively evaluated.Plant extracts have been studied in the past years as antibacterial agents in medicine,plant pathology,and canned food,and unlike antibiotics,they do not cause drug resistance in pathogens.BHA(Beta-hydroxy acid)is a synthetic antioxidant with good fat solubility.Most of the extracted materials have antifungal,antiviral,and antibacterial properties.Different mechanisms of these act on bacteria and prevent their growth and multiplying.Many plants’extraction has phenolic active groups in their structures.Due to the importance and antimicrobial effects of essential oil and basil extract,the present study was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of basil extract on the growth of two bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Also,the chemical composition of this plant extract and its antioxidant properties have been studied.The results of this study showed that basil extract,especially in 100 and 70%concentration,had antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus but it does not show sufficient antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli in the same dose.Analysis of chemical compounds in the extraction of this plant showed a total of 15 chemical compounds,most of which are related to the compounds neofitidine with concentration(41.44%),dimethylamino pentane with concentration(14.81%)and cyclohexane with concentration(91.9%).We also compared the antioxidant properties of basil extract with BHA and showed a significant difference in comparison with the inhibition of DPPH(2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)formation by the extract and the standard BHA,so that the inhibition of DPPH by the standard BHA sample was significantly higher than the BHA.But basil extract showed good antioxidant properties equivalent to 400 mg/mL in 800 mg/mL BHA.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)infection is still global health issue,and lack of vaccine furthers the devastating effect.The treatment regimen is challenged by the development of resistance,thus increase ...OBJECTIVE:Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)infection is still global health issue,and lack of vaccine furthers the devastating effect.The treatment regimen is challenged by the development of resistance,thus increase the mutation and dissemination of resistance genes across the globe.This work aims to assess the nature of HIV-1 subtypes and mutations from HIV-1 positive patients who are drug-inexperienced.METHODS:The analysis of 103 new positive cases of HIV-1 involved in the study.Drug-resistant mutations,HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms(CRFs)were assessed as per World Health Organization(2009)list of monitoring drugresistant mutation.RESULTS:The results revealed that subtype B was dominant 58(56.3%),compared to non-subtype B 34(33%)and CRF 11(10.7%).The occurrence of HIV-1 drug resistance for Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs),Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs),and Protease inhibitors(PIs)were 7.8%(8/103),22.3%(23/103)and 1%(1/103)respectively and the patients had the following primary antiretroviral drug resistance mutations to NRTI,3A62V(2.9%),2 M41L(1.9%),1 F77L(1%),1 K70KR(1%),and 1 T215S(1%).In the NNRTI,13 E138A(12.6%),3 E138G(2.9%),3 K103N(2.9%),2V179D(1.9),1 K103KN(1%)and 1K103T(1%)mutations were found.While in the PI drug,1 L24LI(1%)drug resistance mutations were found.CONCLUSION:Primary drug-resistant mutations in antiretroviral therapy(ART)naive subjects were found and the information in turn will contribute to the global data collection and treatment plan of HIV-1 patients.展开更多
Dear Editor,Tuberculosis(TB)is an airborne chronic infectious disease,posing long-lasting challenges and causing extensive health crises and deaths to humanity throughout history,despite existing prevention and treatm...Dear Editor,Tuberculosis(TB)is an airborne chronic infectious disease,posing long-lasting challenges and causing extensive health crises and deaths to humanity throughout history,despite existing prevention and treatment methods.The latest TB statistics report released by the World Health Organization in 2023 pointed out that,in 2022,the world recorded approximately 10.6 million new confirmed cases of TB.Among them,China accounted for about 748,000,around 7.1%of the total[1].展开更多
The unprecedented pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)was first emerged in Wuhan,China and has spread globally due to its high transmissibility and infectivity,which seriously threaten global health.Severe a...The unprecedented pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)was first emerged in Wuhan,China and has spread globally due to its high transmissibility and infectivity,which seriously threaten global health.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is a specific virus that can cause COVID-19.Currently,more than 45 million cases have been confirmed according to data supplied by Johns Hopkins University,and at least 1.1 million people have died from SARS-CoV-2.Unfortunately,the number of infected cases continues to grow,while no specific drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment of COVID-19.Therefore,specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection,offering efficacy and safety,are urgently needed.展开更多
Background:Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(PDL),a famous traditional Chinese formula for treating acute and chronic inflammation.To evaluate the broad-spectrum antiviral effect of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid,and provide a...Background:Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(PDL),a famous traditional Chinese formula for treating acute and chronic inflammation.To evaluate the broad-spectrum antiviral effect of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid,and provide a basis for clinical medication.Methods:Its inhibitory effect on different respiratory viruses was observed by cytopathic test.The potential mechanism of the anti-influenza effect was determined by neuraminidase activity.In order to observe the therapeutic effect of PDL on viral pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses.The viral pneumonia model was established by nasal infection with different respiratory viruses,and then PDL was given Therapeutic and prophylactically to evaluate its pharmacodynamic activity in vivo.Results:The results of in vitro experiments showed that PDL had different inhibitory effects on cytopathic effects caused by different respiratory viruses.And it has obvious inhibitory effect on the neuraminidase activity of influenza A virus,which indicates that it exerts anti-influenza virus effect by inhibiting neuraminidase activity of influenza virus.The results in vivo showed that PDL exhibited an inhibitory effect on pulmonary index(PI)and effectively reduced the degree of lesions in the lungs.The lethal rate of mice was significantly decreased while survival time of mice was dramatically increased by PDL treatment in comparison to infection control,respectively.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that PDL had a significant protection and treatment effect for respiratory virus infection in vitro and in vivo.展开更多
Objective:This study mainly analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Suining,one of China’s fourth-tier cities,and Wuhan and compared data between the 2 cities.Methods:A retrospective analys...Objective:This study mainly analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Suining,one of China’s fourth-tier cities,and Wuhan and compared data between the 2 cities.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 68 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed at Wuhan Red Cross Hospital and 17 patients diagnosed at Suining Central Hospital,was conducted.Results:Among the 68 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan,30(44.1%)had hypertension,and 25(36.8%)had diabetes.Three out of the 17 patients in Suining(17.6%)had hypertension,and 2 patients(11.8%)had diabetes.In the clinical classification,there were 1(5.9%)and 23(33.8%)patients with severe COVID-19 in Suining and Wuhan,respectively.Chest CT showed that lung consolidation occurred in 2(11.8%)and 26(38.2%)patients with COVID-19 in Suining and Wuhan,respectively.The proportion of patients with diabetes or hypertension,severe COVID-19,lung consolidation in Wuhan was significantly higher than that in Suining.The laboratory tests suggested that percentage of elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)(58.8%),ALT(33.8%),blood glucose(45.6%),creatine kinase(CK)(33.8%)or D-dimer(47.1%)of patients in Wuhan were significantly increased than those in Suining(29.4%,5.9%,17.6%,5.9%,and 17.7%,respectively).Conclusion:The incidence of COVID-19 in fourth-tier city and the disease severity were significantly lower than that in Wuhan.展开更多
COVID-19 has devastated numerous nations around the world and has overburdened numerous healthcare systems,which has also caused the loss of livelihoods due to prolonged shutdowns and further led to a cascading effect...COVID-19 has devastated numerous nations around the world and has overburdened numerous healthcare systems,which has also caused the loss of livelihoods due to prolonged shutdowns and further led to a cascading effect on the global economy.COVID-19 infections have an incubation period of 2–7 days,but 40 to 45%of cases are asymptomatic or show mild to moderate respiratory symptoms after the period due to subclinical lung abnormalities,making it more likely to spread the pandemic disease.To restrict the spread of the virus,on-site diagnosis methods that are quicker,more precise,and easily accessible are required.Rapid Antigen Detection Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests are currently the primary methods used to determine the presence of COVID-19 viruses.These tests are typically time-consuming,not accurate,and,more importantly,not available to everyone.Hence,in this review and hypothesis,we proposed equipment that employs the properties of photonics to improve the detection of COVID-19 viruses by taking the advantage of typical binding of coronavirus with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors.This hypothetical model would combine Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS)and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)to provide great flexibility,high sensitivities,and enhanced accessibility.展开更多
文摘Background:Holy cow(Bos indicus)urine is often considered a valuable therapeutic agent in India for treatment of many illnesses including infectious diseases.This study was conducted to assess the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria and to determine antibacterial activity of cow urine vis a vis human and buffalo urine using standard bacteriological methods.Method:The study on 73 urine samples(Murra buffalo,Bubalus bubalis 13;Sahiwal cattle,Bos indicus 11;Tharparkar cattle,Bos indicus 18;Vrindavani cattle,a cross bred strain of Bos indicus and Bos taurus 12,and 19 humans),were collected aseptically and bacteriological analysis was done using standard clinical bacteriological methods.To determine antibacterial activity of filter-sterilized urine agar well diffusion and microplate broth dilution methods,against a battery of 18 strains,were used.Results:Revealed presence of at least 14 types of potentially harmful bacteria in fresh urine samples,Escherichia coli,was the most common detected in 13 samples followed by Hafnia alvei(11),Staphylococcus epidermidis(8),Bacillus mycoides(7),Proteus mirabilis(5),Enterococcus faecium(4),Acinetobacter calcoaceticus(3),Enterococcus faecalis(3),Paenibacillus pantothenticus(3),Salmonella enterica ssp.enterica Ser Enteritidis(3),Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp.pneumoniae(2),Pantoea agglomerans(2),Erwinia rhapontici(1),and Providencia rettgeri(1).The analysis for antimicrobial activity of filter-sterilized urine samples(73)against 18 test strains revealed that none of the urine could inhibit bacterial growth in agar well diffusion assay and 45 samples failed to inhibit any of the 18 bacteria with broth dilution assay.Those 28 urine samples which inhibited growth of one or more test bacteria were not bactericidal.For most of the test strains,there was no significant(P>0.05)difference in antibacterial potential of different urines irrespective of species,breed and sex of urine donors.However,S.epidermidis was inhibited by significantly(P<0.05)more human male urine samples than human female urine samples.Buffalo urine samples were more often inhibitory to A.xyloxidans than urine of human and all three types of cattle(P<0.05).Similarly,urine of buffaloes was significantly(P<0.05)more effective on E.rhapaontici and S.epidermidis than urine from humans,Tharparkar and Vrindavani cattle.There was no significant(P>0.05)difference in antibacterial activity of urines of three different breeds of cattle(Sahiwal,Tharparkar and Vrindavani).Conclusion:The study concluded that a sizeable proportion of urine samples from apparently healthy individuals carry potentially pathogenic bacteria.The urine of some individuals irrespective of sex and breed or species might be inhibitory to a select group of bacteria but the belief,that holy cow urine is antibacterial,can’t be generalized.In no case,fresh urine can be recommended for human consumption.
文摘In Candida species,the endoplasmic reticulum(ER)stress response—regulated by the unfolded protein response(UPR)—serves as a critical adaptive mechanism affecting both pathogenicity and antifungal resistance.This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on ER stress pathways in Candida glabrata and Candida albicans,highlighting their species-specific adaptations and therapeutic implications.We systematically analyzed peer-reviewed literature on ER stress mechanisms in Candida,focusing on comparative studies of UPR signaling.Emphasis was placed on C.glabrata’s inositol-requiring enzyme 1(IRE1)-dependent Regulated IRE1-Dependent Decay(RIDD)pathway and C.albicans’IRE1/HAC1 and calcium-mediated pathways.Connections to virulence and drug resistance were evaluated through genetic,transcriptomic,and phenotypic evidence.Candida species employ divergent UPR strategies:C.glabrata mitigates ER stress primarily via RIDD-mediated mRNA decay to reduce protein load,while C.albicans enhances folding capacity through HAC1 splicing and calcium homeostasis.These adaptations promote survival in hostile host environments(e.g.,oxidative stress,immune attacks)and are linked to resistance against azoles and echinocandins.Pharmacological disruption of UPR components(e.g.,IRE1 inhibitors)sensitizes Candida to antifungals in experimental models.ER stress response pathways are promising targets for antifungal drug development.Understanding species-specific UPR mechanisms in Candida could guide novel therapies to overcome resistance and improve treatment outcomes.
基金supported by the Key Project for Anti-2019 Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2020YFC0845500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.2042020kf1018).
文摘Background:COVID-19 remains a common threat to public health.In this study,we evaluated the antiviral effects and safety of Darunavir/Cobicisitat(DRV/c)in patients with confirmed COVID-19.Patients and Methods:We studied 66 patients with COVID-19 infection who were admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University between February 3 and March 11,2020.The patients were divided into the DRV/c and the control groups.The primary endpoint was the time of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion detected in respiratory specimens.Results:Subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection(n=66)were enrolled in this study;32 subjects were enrolled in the DRV/c group and 34 in the control group.The mean time to nucleic acid conversion(NAC)was shorter in the DRV/c group.The cumulative nucleic acid conversion rate(CNACR)in the DRV/c group was higher during the first two weeks,but the difference was not statistically significant.The proportion of fever during hospitalization in the DRV/c group was significantly lower than in the control group(P-value=0.01).It was found that,in the DRV/c group,the NAC of patients with a duration from symptom onset to admission within three days was significantly shorter(7.9±6.7 days)than in patients with a duration from symptom onset to admission above three days(15.9±7.1 days)(P=0.01).Conclusion:Although the combination of DRV/c and routine treatment for patients with non-severe COVID-19 can significantly reduce the proportion of fever after admission,no significant differences were observed between the DRV/c group and the conventional therapy group,including the overall time to NAC,safety,and tolerability.
文摘Objective:To explore the therapeutic target and molecular mechanism of Herba Eupatorii in the intervention of COVID-19(coronavirus disease 2019)by network pharmacology.Methods:TCMSP(Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform)and TCMIP V2.0(Integrative Pharmacology-based Research Platform of Traditional Chinese Medicine)databases were used to search the active ingredients and corresponding drug targets of Herba Eupatorii.Related targets of COVID-19 were searched in Genecards,pharmGKB,CTD,Drugbank and TTD databases.After the intersection targets were selected using VENNY 2.1 online platform,the PPI(protein-protein interaction)network was downloaded into STRING database,and the data were analyzed and sorted out using Cytoscape software to obtain the potential key targets for the treatment of COVID-19 by Herba Eupatorii.At the same time,using the data of active ingredients and intersection targets,a network of"TCM-active ingredients-key targets"was constructed in Cytoscape software to screen out chemical molecules with potential therapeutic effects.GO(Gene Ontology)functional enrichment analysis and KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes)pathway enrichment analysis of key target proteins were performed by R software.AutoDock Vina program was used for molecular docking of the top 5 active ingredients and key targets to calculate the minimum binding energy.Results:There were 26 active ingredients,160 targets,and 1969 pathogenic genes of COVID-19,among which 59 genes were intersection targets of drugs and diseases.After PPI network screening,the key target proteins were AKT1(RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase),JUN(transcription factor AP-1),TP53(cellular tumor antigen p53),ACTB(actin beta)and EGFR(epidermal growth factor receptor).Through the network of"TCM-Active Ingredients-Key Targets",Luteolin,Eupatolin,Stigmasterol,Eupatoriopicrin and Dammaradienyl acetate were identified as the active ingredients with potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of COVID-19.After R software was used for GO enrichment analysis,1978 GO items were obtained(P<0.05),including 1870 BP items,26 CC items and 82 MF items.149 pathways were obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis(P<0.05).It mainly involves IL-17(interleukin-17)signaling pathway,TNF(tumor necrosis factor)signaling pathway,C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B)signaling pathway,and T Cell receptor signaling pathway,etc.The molecular docking results showed that the active ingredients had good binding activity with key targets.Conclusion:Through the potential chemical constituents of Luteolin,Eupatolin,Stigmasterol,Eupatoriopicrin and Dammaradienyl acetate,Herba Eupatorii may act on AKT1,JUN,TP53,ACTB,EGFR and other targets.Involvement in IL-17 signaling pathway,TNF signaling pathway,C-Type Lectin receptor signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,T Cell receptor signaling pathway and other pathways play an anti-inflammatory and antiviral roles in intervening in the occurrence and development of COVID-19.
文摘Dear Editor,Although the World Health Organization(WHO)has declared an end to the global emergency for coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)[1],the clinical burden of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease(SARS-CoV-2)has not yet subsided[2,3],especially after the emergence of new variants such as EG.5 and BA.2.86,whose genetic leap is so large that it may contribute to increase the number of new COVID-19 cases,hospitalizations,and deaths[3].Some physical preventive measures,such as mask-wearing,hand hygiene,and isolation of positive cases,play an important role.However,widespread vaccination remains the cornerstone to contain the spread of the virus and mitigate the potential harm to human health.
文摘The novel corona virus pandemic is responsible for millions of confirmed cases until now.This pandemic highlighted some weaknesses regarding proper control of pandemics such as the lack of medical supplies,diagnostic tests,medical protective equipment,and high rate of healthcare workers infection.Thinking outside the box should be our way to be prepared for any upcoming pandemic.New medical specialties,developing international research standards,developing new virus eradication and purification methods,inventing new medical protective equipment,supporting integrative methods of management,increasing public awareness and upgrading medical education and practice were suggested.
基金supported by Biosafety Project of China's 13th Five-Year Plan Construction.(No.A3705031901-01)。
文摘Dear Editor,The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)poses a serious threat to global health security.The disease severity of patients with symptomatic COVID-19 can be divided into mild,moderate,severe,and critical[1],and more than 80% of the patients have mild and moderate severity(common type)[2].
文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS-CoV-2)is the prime cause of the current global COVID-19 pandemic originating from Wuhan,the Hubei province of China.Since then the infection has affected more than ten million people across the globe,and caused nearly half a million deaths worldwide.The virus has now spread all over the world as a pandemic.Covid-19 remains a major challenge to tackle,presently there is no antiviral treatment available.In this review we will address the current and emerging laboratory techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2.Real Time PCR assay commonly known as the Reverse transcriptase Assay is the gold standard and a widely accepted test clinically.Seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 is performed using ELISA and antigen detection as rapid tests.In clinical practice identification of the disease is done on the basis of chest radiographs,computer tomography,(CT)and Positron Emission Tomography(PET)scans.As the pandemic has now progressed,newer methods of detection like CRISPR’s,nanotechnology enabled solutions,and biosensors have emerged as newer techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Project(2020YFC0848300).
文摘To the editors,Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)becomes a global pandemic at the end of 2019 and is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).This letter mainly discusses the relationship between neutrophil extracellular traps(NETs)and thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients with venous thromboembolism(VTE)or acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).
基金supported by grants received from CAAST-ACLH(NAHEP/CAAST/2018-19)ICAR-World Bank-funded National Agricultural Higher Education Project(NAHEP).
文摘Background:Vancomycin resistance(VR)in staphylococci is emerging fast and posing serious health problems as vancomycin is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections.Much research has been done on vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(VRSA)strains infecting humans and animals but little is understood about other vancomycin-resistant staphylococci(VRS).This study was conducted to determine diversity among staphylococcal species causing infections and to know effective antimicrobials for therapeutic intervention for treatment of infections with vancomycin resistant staphylococci.Methods:Antimicrobial susceptibility data of 620 strains of staphylococci isolated from January 2016 to December 2023 from referred clinical samples were retrieved with their host of origin and association with different types of infections in animals,birds and humans from Clinical Epidemiology of the Institute.All isolates were tested for VR through their growing ability on vancomycin-supplemented(6µg mL-1)brain heart infusion agar.Data was analysed in Microsoft Excel.Results:Staphylococci strains(620)belonged to 26 species and 287 vancomycin-resistant.Of the 287 VRS strains detected only 46(16.03%)were VRSA.Irrespective of their origin and association with different ailments VRS strains were more resistant to herbal and conventional antimicrobial than VSS strains.The most effective antibiotics inhibiting≥80%of the staphylococci were tigecycline,imipenem,nitrofurantoin,linezolid and chloramphenicol inhibiting 88%,86%,86%,81%and 81%of the MRS and 92.31%,94.88%,92.25%,89.09%and 86.56%VRS strains,respectively.Among herbal antimicrobials,the most effective herbal compound was carvacrol followed by thyme oil,cinnamledehyde and ajowan oil,inhibiting≥80%of the strains.VR was most common among S.xylosus,S.schleiferi,and S.delphini strains while S.caseolyticus strains had the least probability of having VR.Staphylococci from mastitis cases had the least probability of possessing VR while those from wound infection had the highest probability of having VR.Conclusion:The study revealed that besides S.aureus,25 more species of staphylococci may be infecting animals,birds and humans.VR was more common in S.xylosus,S.schleiferi,S.auricularis,S.delphini and S.hyicus than in S.aureus strains,and of the VRS and MRS strains,83.97%and 83.46%were non-VRSA and non-methicillin-resistant S.aureus,respectively.Imipenem,tigecycline,nitrofurantoin,chloramphenicol,linezolid,meropenem and minocycline may be a better choice for the treatment of infections caused by methicillin as well as vancomycin-resistant staphylococci.
文摘Objective:To investigate the infection of patients in the ICU with extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii(XDRAB)and analyse the effect of tigecycline therapy for XDRAB.Methods:Seventy-one patients admitted to the ICU with XDRAB infection from January 2013 to July 2017 were divided into the tigecycline group(combination therapy with 50 mg tigecycline and 0.1 g minocycline every 12 hours)or the control group(no tigecycline treatment).Patient data,including age,sex,history of malignant tumour,body temperature,APACHE Ⅱ score,ALT,AST,GGT,TB,ALB,TBIL,DBIL,IBIL,BUN,Cr,absolute neutrophil count,procalcitonin(PCT),site positive for XDRAB infection,length of stay,and prognosis,were collected and compared between the two groups.Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the prognostic risk factors for XDRAB.Results:A total of 61.6% of the patients infected with XDRAB had multiple sites of XDRAB colonization.The cure rate achieved in the tigecycline group was higher than that of the control group(70.7%vs 41.9%).Multivariate analysis showed that older age,a high level of PCT after treatment and the absence of tigecycline treatment were poor prognostic factors for XDRAB infection.Conclusion:Combination therapy with tigecycline and minocycline is effective for XDRAB infection and reduces the cost of treatment.Combined therapy with tigecycline is a predictor of good prognosis for patients infected with XDRAB,whereas older age and increased PCT levels after treatment are predictors of poor prognosis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82573571)the Shanghai 2025 Basic Research Plan Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401393)the First Batch of Open Topics of the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices(2025QN13)。
文摘The global burden of bacterial infections,exacerbated by antimicrobial resistance(AMR),necessitates innovative strategies.Bacterial protein vaccines offer promise by eliciting targeted immunity while circumventing AMR.However,their clinical translation is hindered by their inherently low immunogenicity,often requiring potent adjuvants and advanced delivery systems.Biomembrane nanostructures(e.g.,liposomes,exosomes,and cell membrane-derived nanostructures),characterized by superior biocompatibility,intrinsic targeting ability,and immune-modulating properties,could serve as versatile platforms that potentiate vaccine efficacy by increasing antigen stability,enabling codelivery of immunostimulants,and facilitating targeted delivery to lymphoid tissues/antigen-presenting cells.This intrinsic immunomodulation promotes robust humoral and cellular immune responses to combat bacteria.This review critically reviews(1)key biomembrane nanostructure classes for bacterial protein antigens,(2)design strategies leveraging biomembrane nanostructures to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses,(3)preclinical efficacy against diverse pathogens,and(4)translational challenges and prospects.Biomembrane nanostructure-driven approaches represent a paradigm shift in the development of next-generation bacterial protein vaccines against resistant infections.
文摘Objective:Since the opportunity of widespread administration of the fourth mRNA-based coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)vaccine dose remains controversial,this article provides a pooled analysis of the efficacy of the second COVID-19 mRNA-based homologous vaccine booster in eliciting anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibody response in general immunocompetent populations.Methods:We conducted a digital search in Medline using the keywords"fourth dose"or"second booster"and"antibodies"and"COVID-19"or"SARS-CoV-2"and"BNT162b2"or"mRNA-1273",to identify all clinical studies which evaluated the anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibody response after the fourth mRNA-based COVID-19 homologous vaccine dose administration in general immunocompetent populations compared to the response seen before its administration and after the first booster.Results:Four studies totaling 571 recipients of the second mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine booster were finally included in our analysis.The weighted mean difference(WMD)ratio of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies levels measured after and before administration of the fourth vaccine dose was 9.7(95%CI,6.5-12.9)in those receiving BNT162b2 and 12.0(95%CI,5.8-18.2)in those receiving mRNA-1273,respectively.The WMD ratio of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies levels measured at the peak of the fourth and third vaccine doses was 1.4(95%CI,1.2-1.7)in those receiving BNT162b2 and 1.9(95%CI,1.5-2.4)in those receiving mRNA-1273,respectively.Conclusion:Our data confirm the efficacy of the fourth mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine dose in restoring a satisfactory level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies,though such effectiveness seems only marginally superior to that of the first booster.
文摘The use of natural antibacterial compounds in tcontroling and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria and fungi has been extensively evaluated.Plant extracts have been studied in the past years as antibacterial agents in medicine,plant pathology,and canned food,and unlike antibiotics,they do not cause drug resistance in pathogens.BHA(Beta-hydroxy acid)is a synthetic antioxidant with good fat solubility.Most of the extracted materials have antifungal,antiviral,and antibacterial properties.Different mechanisms of these act on bacteria and prevent their growth and multiplying.Many plants’extraction has phenolic active groups in their structures.Due to the importance and antimicrobial effects of essential oil and basil extract,the present study was performed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of basil extract on the growth of two bacterial pathogens Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Also,the chemical composition of this plant extract and its antioxidant properties have been studied.The results of this study showed that basil extract,especially in 100 and 70%concentration,had antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus but it does not show sufficient antimicrobial effect against Escherichia coli in the same dose.Analysis of chemical compounds in the extraction of this plant showed a total of 15 chemical compounds,most of which are related to the compounds neofitidine with concentration(41.44%),dimethylamino pentane with concentration(14.81%)and cyclohexane with concentration(91.9%).We also compared the antioxidant properties of basil extract with BHA and showed a significant difference in comparison with the inhibition of DPPH(2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl)formation by the extract and the standard BHA,so that the inhibition of DPPH by the standard BHA sample was significantly higher than the BHA.But basil extract showed good antioxidant properties equivalent to 400 mg/mL in 800 mg/mL BHA.
文摘OBJECTIVE:Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)infection is still global health issue,and lack of vaccine furthers the devastating effect.The treatment regimen is challenged by the development of resistance,thus increase the mutation and dissemination of resistance genes across the globe.This work aims to assess the nature of HIV-1 subtypes and mutations from HIV-1 positive patients who are drug-inexperienced.METHODS:The analysis of 103 new positive cases of HIV-1 involved in the study.Drug-resistant mutations,HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms(CRFs)were assessed as per World Health Organization(2009)list of monitoring drugresistant mutation.RESULTS:The results revealed that subtype B was dominant 58(56.3%),compared to non-subtype B 34(33%)and CRF 11(10.7%).The occurrence of HIV-1 drug resistance for Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NRTIs),Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors(NNRTIs),and Protease inhibitors(PIs)were 7.8%(8/103),22.3%(23/103)and 1%(1/103)respectively and the patients had the following primary antiretroviral drug resistance mutations to NRTI,3A62V(2.9%),2 M41L(1.9%),1 F77L(1%),1 K70KR(1%),and 1 T215S(1%).In the NNRTI,13 E138A(12.6%),3 E138G(2.9%),3 K103N(2.9%),2V179D(1.9),1 K103KN(1%)and 1K103T(1%)mutations were found.While in the PI drug,1 L24LI(1%)drug resistance mutations were found.CONCLUSION:Primary drug-resistant mutations in antiretroviral therapy(ART)naive subjects were found and the information in turn will contribute to the global data collection and treatment plan of HIV-1 patients.
文摘Dear Editor,Tuberculosis(TB)is an airborne chronic infectious disease,posing long-lasting challenges and causing extensive health crises and deaths to humanity throughout history,despite existing prevention and treatment methods.The latest TB statistics report released by the World Health Organization in 2023 pointed out that,in 2022,the world recorded approximately 10.6 million new confirmed cases of TB.Among them,China accounted for about 748,000,around 7.1%of the total[1].
文摘The unprecedented pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)was first emerged in Wuhan,China and has spread globally due to its high transmissibility and infectivity,which seriously threaten global health.Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is a specific virus that can cause COVID-19.Currently,more than 45 million cases have been confirmed according to data supplied by Johns Hopkins University,and at least 1.1 million people have died from SARS-CoV-2.Unfortunately,the number of infected cases continues to grow,while no specific drugs or vaccines are available for the treatment of COVID-19.Therefore,specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2 infection,offering efficacy and safety,are urgently needed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81774204)Scientific and Technological Innovation Project of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(No.CI2021A04608)。
文摘Background:Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid(PDL),a famous traditional Chinese formula for treating acute and chronic inflammation.To evaluate the broad-spectrum antiviral effect of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid,and provide a basis for clinical medication.Methods:Its inhibitory effect on different respiratory viruses was observed by cytopathic test.The potential mechanism of the anti-influenza effect was determined by neuraminidase activity.In order to observe the therapeutic effect of PDL on viral pneumonia caused by different respiratory viruses.The viral pneumonia model was established by nasal infection with different respiratory viruses,and then PDL was given Therapeutic and prophylactically to evaluate its pharmacodynamic activity in vivo.Results:The results of in vitro experiments showed that PDL had different inhibitory effects on cytopathic effects caused by different respiratory viruses.And it has obvious inhibitory effect on the neuraminidase activity of influenza A virus,which indicates that it exerts anti-influenza virus effect by inhibiting neuraminidase activity of influenza virus.The results in vivo showed that PDL exhibited an inhibitory effect on pulmonary index(PI)and effectively reduced the degree of lesions in the lungs.The lethal rate of mice was significantly decreased while survival time of mice was dramatically increased by PDL treatment in comparison to infection control,respectively.Conclusions:Our study demonstrates that PDL had a significant protection and treatment effect for respiratory virus infection in vitro and in vivo.
基金Coronavirus Prevention and Control Technology Project of Suining City,Sichuan Province(No.2020PTJSGG007).
文摘Objective:This study mainly analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Suining,one of China’s fourth-tier cities,and Wuhan and compared data between the 2 cities.Methods:A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 68 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed at Wuhan Red Cross Hospital and 17 patients diagnosed at Suining Central Hospital,was conducted.Results:Among the 68 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan,30(44.1%)had hypertension,and 25(36.8%)had diabetes.Three out of the 17 patients in Suining(17.6%)had hypertension,and 2 patients(11.8%)had diabetes.In the clinical classification,there were 1(5.9%)and 23(33.8%)patients with severe COVID-19 in Suining and Wuhan,respectively.Chest CT showed that lung consolidation occurred in 2(11.8%)and 26(38.2%)patients with COVID-19 in Suining and Wuhan,respectively.The proportion of patients with diabetes or hypertension,severe COVID-19,lung consolidation in Wuhan was significantly higher than that in Suining.The laboratory tests suggested that percentage of elevated C-reactive protein(CRP)(58.8%),ALT(33.8%),blood glucose(45.6%),creatine kinase(CK)(33.8%)or D-dimer(47.1%)of patients in Wuhan were significantly increased than those in Suining(29.4%,5.9%,17.6%,5.9%,and 17.7%,respectively).Conclusion:The incidence of COVID-19 in fourth-tier city and the disease severity were significantly lower than that in Wuhan.
文摘COVID-19 has devastated numerous nations around the world and has overburdened numerous healthcare systems,which has also caused the loss of livelihoods due to prolonged shutdowns and further led to a cascading effect on the global economy.COVID-19 infections have an incubation period of 2–7 days,but 40 to 45%of cases are asymptomatic or show mild to moderate respiratory symptoms after the period due to subclinical lung abnormalities,making it more likely to spread the pandemic disease.To restrict the spread of the virus,on-site diagnosis methods that are quicker,more precise,and easily accessible are required.Rapid Antigen Detection Tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction tests are currently the primary methods used to determine the presence of COVID-19 viruses.These tests are typically time-consuming,not accurate,and,more importantly,not available to everyone.Hence,in this review and hypothesis,we proposed equipment that employs the properties of photonics to improve the detection of COVID-19 viruses by taking the advantage of typical binding of coronavirus with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)receptors.This hypothetical model would combine Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS)and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer(FRET)to provide great flexibility,high sensitivities,and enhanced accessibility.
