Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3(PRL3)promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)metastasis by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition(MET),the opposite of epithelial-to-mesenchymal t...Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3(PRL3)promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)metastasis by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition(MET),the opposite of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,has been proposed as a mechanism for the establishment of metastatic neoplasms.However,the molecular mechanism of MET remains unclear.Here,we show that miR-203a-3p derived from hepatocyte exosomes inhibits Src expression,reduces epidermal growth factor receptor activity and downstream signaling pathways,and increases E-cadherin expression,which is a typical mesenchymal cell marker of MET,in CRC cells.These results show the important role of epidermal growth factor receptor in CRC cell MET.展开更多
The majority of patients who experience cutaneous adverse drug reactions(cADRs)concurrently receive multiple medications,meaning that the causative drug remains unidentified.We explored the association between human l...The majority of patients who experience cutaneous adverse drug reactions(cADRs)concurrently receive multiple medications,meaning that the causative drug remains unidentified.We explored the association between human leukocyte antigen(HLA)alleles and cADRs,regardless of the allergenic drug,to investigate whether different drug-induced cADRs were associated with the same or similar risk alleles in a Han Chinese population.We genotyped a sample of 146 cADR patients and 230 population controls from the same hospital and systematically analyzed the association between HLA Class I genes and cADRs.The carrier frequency of HLAB∗46:01 in cADR patients was found to be significantly higher than that in population controls(P=.0021,odds ratio[OR]=2.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.33-2.58).Subgroup analysis showed that HLA-B∗46:01 was significantly associated with urticaria and erythema multiforme(P=.0077,OR=2.53,95%CI:1.30-4.91;and P=.0049,OR=2.77,95%CI:1.39-5.50,respectively).Furthermore,a significant association was also detected between HLA-A∗02:01 and erythema multiforme(P=.0038,OR=2.65,95%CI:1.31-5.33).This study is the first to demonstrate that HLA-B∗46:01 is a risk allele for cADRs in a Han Chinese population,indicating that screening for HLA-B∗46:01 prior to the administration of medication may predict the risk of developing cADRs.展开更多
Alternative splicing plays a pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression,contributing to the generation of proteome diversity.Autophagy is a conserved cellular machinery governing degradation...Alternative splicing plays a pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression,contributing to the generation of proteome diversity.Autophagy is a conserved cellular machinery governing degradation and recycling of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles.However,there is limited knowledge of the roles of alternative splicing in autophagy,in particular mitochondrial selective autophagy,termed mitophagy.Emerging evidence suggests autophagy-related proteins(Atg),key molecules in autophagy process,are involved.This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which alternative splicing affects the functions of ATG genes including BECN1,ATG5,ATG16L1,and Bim genes,and thus manipulates autophagy levels in various diseases.This review found that the effects of splicing of ATG genes generally result in inhibiting autophagy.However,very few of the many autophagy associated proteins have been studied.More research into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of splicing factors will be necessary to understand their roles in pathological conditions associated with autophagy and mitophagy.展开更多
Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for ...Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, which are measurable biological indicators, have emerged as essential tools in the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases. Among the well-established biomarkers, cardiac troponins (cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T) exhibit high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of myocardial infarction, and recent advances have improved early diagnosis and risk evaluation. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide play critical roles in the diagnosis and management of heart failure;elevated levels of these factors indicate poor prognosis and can guide therapeutic decision-making. Additionally, C-reactive protein levels have been widely used in cardiovascular risk assessment and show high sensitivity. Emerging biomarkers, such as galectin-3, suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and microRNAs, show promise in enhancing the prediction of heart failure, assessment of myocardial stress, and detection of cardiac conditions in early stages. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of these biomarkers, highlighting their clinical applications and limitations, as well as the integration of these biomarkers with imaging techniques. This review also explores the potential for future research aimed at developing personalized treatment strategies based on biomarker profiles. Biomarkers are becoming increasingly vital in optimizing cardiac care and improving patient outcomes through more targeted and individualized approaches.展开更多
Objective:He-Zhao deficiency was originally described as a severe type of nonsyndromic hypodontia,and the causative gene locus was mapped to chromosome 10q11.2.The aim of this study was to identify potential genetic m...Objective:He-Zhao deficiency was originally described as a severe type of nonsyndromic hypodontia,and the causative gene locus was mapped to chromosome 10q11.2.The aim of this study was to identify potential genetic mutations that could cause He-Zhao deficiency.Methods:Patients with He-Zhao deficiency and their unaffected relatives of the large pedigree were investigated.The whole-exome sequencing using next-generation sequencing was employed to identify genetic variants.The data generated from the whole-exome sequencing using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 system were further analyzed by Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software,Sequence Alignment/Map tools and ANNOVAR tool.In vitro luciferase assay was used to investigate the effect of the detected mutation on gene expression.R environment was used to conduct t-tests.The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bio-X Institutes,Shanghai Jiao Tong University(M2011004).Results:The exomes of five patients with He-Zhao deficiency and two of their unaffected relatives identified a mutation in PRKG1αas the molecular etiology of the disease.The variant c.-144 C>A of PRKG1 isoform 1 cosegregated with permanent tooth agenesis in 93 family members who were older than 12,at which time the primary teeth should have been replaced with permanent teeth.Functional studies suggested that the mutant allele promotes gene transcription by increasing its promoter activity.Conclusion:c.-144 C>A variant of PRKG1αinvolving odontoclast-associated root resorption is responsible for He-Zhao deficiency,unlike other forms of hypodontia,which typically involve odontoblast dysfunction.展开更多
Objective::In order to study the important role and molecular mechanism of Brevinin-2 family antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)infection of Caenorhabditis(C.)elega...Objective::In order to study the important role and molecular mechanism of Brevinin-2 family antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)infection of Caenorhabditis(C.)elegans,and to find the optimal therapeutic concentration of Brevinin-2ISb.Methods::By using a C.elegans model and MRSA infection modelto study the therapeutic effect of different concentrations of Brevinin-2ISb on C.elegans.Real-time PCR was used for investigating the effect of Brevinin-2ISb on the downstream gene expression of DAF-2/DAF-16 innate immune pathway and the major virulence factor gene expression of MRSA.With protein activity tests to study the inhibitory effect of Brevinin-2ISb on MRSA virulence factor protein activity.Finally,laser confocal imaging was carried out to observe real-time expression and distribution of downstream antimicrobial proteins to further prove the effect of Brevinin-2ISb on the activation of DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway by in vivo imaging.All animal study procedures were approved by the Academic Committee at Xidian University and Xi’an Jiaotong University Animal Care and Use Committee,China(approval No.JGC201207)on July 15,2017.Results::Host immunity was largely enhanced by Brevinin-2ISb,and the expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes,as well as virulence factors,was suppressed by Brevinin-2ISb.Indeed,the expression of many C.elegans innate immune genes,including lys-7,spp-1,K05D8.5 and C29F3.7,was induced by Brevinin-2ISb.In particular,robust,sustained expression of the antibacterial gene lys-7 was observed after Brevinin-2ISb treatment,resulting in increased protein levels.These effects correlated with a reduction in the MRSA-mediated death of the C.elegans host.Low concentrations of Brevinin-2ISb exhibited very low hemolytic activity,and may play a positive role in host innate immunity.Specifically,activation of the DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway appears to be essential for immune activation in C.elegans treated with Brevinin-2ISb.Based on the evolutionary conservation of innate immune pathways,our results suggest that Brevinin-2ISb not only has strong antibacterial activity,but may also enhance the innate immune response in humans.This study demonstrates that Brevinin-2ISb-related peptides are potential candidates for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-microbial drugs.Conclusion::Antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb effectively inhibits MRSA at low concentration.This antimicrobial peptide can prolong the life of MRSA-infected C.elegans,has very low hemolytic activity and inhibits the activity and expression of various MRSA virulence factors.More importantly,Brevinin-2ISb activated the expression of antimicrobial genes downstream of DAF-2/DAF-16,which enhanced the MRSA resistance of C.elegans.This peptide could be used as the basis for developing new drugs to replace antibiotics.展开更多
The eye is one of the most delicate organs in the body,and glaucoma is considered to be a major cause of blindness.The unique and distinct architecture and physiology of the human eye continue to pose a major challeng...The eye is one of the most delicate organs in the body,and glaucoma is considered to be a major cause of blindness.The unique and distinct architecture and physiology of the human eye continue to pose a major challenge for pharmacologists and researchers seeking to provide effective medication delivery.Despite the number of established invasive and noninvasive eye treatments,such as implants,eye drops,and injections,these still lead to several serious side effects that can result from either low bioavailability or adverse ocular effects.Novel eye disease treatments can be developed with the help of nanoscience and nanotechnology.Many active compounds have been engineered to react with nanocarriers to engage with ocular tissues precisely and overcome ocular difficulties.Future research into novel drug delivery systems and targeted treatments is expected to increase because the approach of reducing intraocular pressure(IOP)cannot contain the progress of glaucoma in the general population of patients.This review focuses on the potential benefits of green chemistry and nanotechnology in ophthalmology,particularly in the treatment and diagnosis of glaucoma.Green synthesis has attracted significant interest as a dependable,environmentally friendly,and sustainable method for producing a range of nanomaterials,such as metal/oxide nanoparticles,hybrid materials,and bioinspired materials.展开更多
In the paper titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosomederived miR-203a-3p”,published on pages 62-72,Issue 2,Volume 1 of Journal of Bio-X Research...In the paper titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosomederived miR-203a-3p”,published on pages 62-72,Issue 2,Volume 1 of Journal of Bio-X Research,[1]Figures 2G and 5F(including the legend of Figure 5)appear incorrectly in the published article.Please see the correct Figures 2G and 5F and the legend of Figure 5 here.展开更多
Objective:Although the neurological and olfactory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 have been identified,the neurotropic properties of the causative virus,severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2(...Objective:Although the neurological and olfactory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 have been identified,the neurotropic properties of the causative virus,severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),remain unknown.We sought to identify the susceptible cell types and potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system,olfactory system,and respiratory system.Methods:We collected single-cell RNA data from normal brain and nasal epithelium specimens,along with bronchial,tracheal,and lung specimens in public datasets.The susceptible cell types that express SARS-CoV-2 entry genes were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing and the expression of the key genes at protein levels was verified by immunohistochemistry.We compared the coexpression patterns of the entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)and the spike protein priming enzyme transmembrane serine protease(TMPRSS)/cathepsin L among the specimens.Results:The SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and the spike protein priming enzyme TMPRSS/cathepsin L were coexpressed by pericytes in brain tissue;this coexpression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.In the nasal epithelium,ciliated cells and sustentacular cells exhibited strong coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS.Neurons and glia in the brain and nasal epithelium did not exhibit coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS.However,coexpression was present in ciliated cells,vascular smooth muscle cells,and fibroblasts in tracheal tissue;ciliated cells and goblet cells in bronchial tissue;and alveolar epithelium type 1 cells,AT2 cells,and ciliated cells in lung tissue.Conclusion:Neurological symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 could be associated with SARS-CoV-2 invasion across the blood-brain barrier via pericytes.Additionally,SARS-CoV-2-induced olfactory disorders could be the result of localized cell damage in the nasal epithelium.展开更多
Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)allows researchers to examine the transcriptome at the single-cell level and has been increasingly employed as technologies continue to advance.Due to technical and biological reas...Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)allows researchers to examine the transcriptome at the single-cell level and has been increasingly employed as technologies continue to advance.Due to technical and biological reasons unique to scRNA-seq data,denoising and batch effect correction are almost indispensable to ensure valid and powerful data analysis.However,various aspects of scRNA-seq data pose grand challenges for such essential tasks pertaining to data pre-processing,normalization or harmonization.In this review,we first discuss properties of scRNA-seq data that contribute to the challenges for denoising and batch effect correction from a computational perspective.We then focus on reviewing several state-of-the-art methods for dropout imputation and batch effect correction,comparing their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,we benchmarked three widely used correction tools using two hematopoietic scRNA-seq datasets to show their performance in a real data application.展开更多
Photoheating in a venous blood vessel under near-infrared laser irradiation by a scanning laser beam,which is synchronized with the blood flow velocity,is analyzed numerically by considering the light scattering,absor...Photoheating in a venous blood vessel under near-infrared laser irradiation by a scanning laser beam,which is synchronized with the blood flow velocity,is analyzed numerically by considering the light scattering,absorption,and heat transfer in the blood and surrounding tissues.The scanning regime of the laser irradiation with a wavelength of 1064 nm is found to increase strongly the photoheating of the blood while minimizing the overheating of the skin and the tissues surrounding the blood vessel.Simulations show that the photoheating effect can be additionally enhanced by light-absorbing nanoparticles in the blood.The proposed approach of dynamic laser photohyperthermia with the scanning laser beam is discussed for potential applications in laser phototherapy.展开更多
Objective:The aim of this work was to measure the antibacterial activity(against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[S.aureus])of the ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis and assess their potential as medic...Objective:The aim of this work was to measure the antibacterial activity(against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[S.aureus])of the ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis and assess their potential as medicines.Methods:The experiment was divided into four groups:negative control group[with Mueller-Hinton broth(MHB)],positive control group(with 75%ethanol),blank group(with MHB)and test group(with the ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis).The antibacterial activities of the extracts were evaluated by the Oxford cup assay and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC).Time-kill curve experiments,scanning electron microscopy,the content of DNA,RNA and protein were used to study the antibacterial mechanism of the ethyl acetate extract part on the growth and viability of S.aureus.The study procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong University(approval No.XJTULAC2016-412)on January 22,2016.Results:The ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the growth of S.aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of 16.4mm and MIC value of 0.5mg/mL.The general activity range of the ethyl acetate part,determined using a time-killing curve,was found to be 0.5mg/mL to 40mg/mL(MIC to 80MIC).Changes in the scanning electron microscopy images and of DNA,RNA and proteins of S.aureus indicated possible mechanisms of the inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate part.Conclusion:The ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis damaged bacterial cell structures,which results in protoplasm leakage,and eventually bacterial cell death.展开更多
In this retrospective study,we evaluated the preoperative and intraoperative findings and functional results of revision surgery after canal wall down mastoidectomy.We reviewed 34 patients(14 men,20 women;age,17–68 y...In this retrospective study,we evaluated the preoperative and intraoperative findings and functional results of revision surgery after canal wall down mastoidectomy.We reviewed 34 patients(14 men,20 women;age,17–68 years)who underwent revision canal wall down mastoidectomy from March 2006 to March 2017 in the Department of Otology of the First Affiliated Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University,China.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University,China(approval No.2008-05-02A11)on May 2,2008.The possible reasons for previous surgical failures were confirmed by the operative findings and included a narrow auditory meatus orifice(100%),recurrent or residual cholesteatoma(82%),high facial ridge(94%),residual air cells(47%),and labyrinthine fistula(12%).The mean time until achievement of dry ear after surgery was 5.8±2.4 weeks.After a mean 6-month follow-up,the mean postoperative air–bone gap decreased from 33.8±4.8 to 17.1±5.1dB in 30 patients who underwent mastoidectomy with simultaneous tympanoplasty.However,no significant postoperative hearing change had occurred in the other 4 patients with eustachian tube occlusion.All patients were followed up for>24 months with a disease-free dry ear and stable hearing results.The main reasons for lack of dry ears after mastoidectomy were a narrow auditory meatus orifice,recurrent or residual cholesteatoma,high facial ridge,and residual air cells.Early dry ear and hearing promotion are obtainable in most patients using revision canal wall down mastoidectomy.展开更多
From interpreting the structure and function of proteins to exploring the double helix structure of DNA and completion of the Human Genome Project,our understanding of the life sciences increased rema rkably in the 20...From interpreting the structure and function of proteins to exploring the double helix structure of DNA and completion of the Human Genome Project,our understanding of the life sciences increased rema rkably in the 20th century.These achievements were largely made by physicists,chemists,and biologists working within their own fields.Today,however,biological discoveries increasingly result from interdisciplinary approaches.For example,interpretation of the nucleotide sequence of genes is based on advances in engineering and computer science.Therefore,interdisciplinarity is essential for biology to advance in the 21st century.展开更多
At the request of the authors,Journal of Bio-X Research is retracting the original article titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal–epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-...At the request of the authors,Journal of Bio-X Research is retracting the original article titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal–epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-203a-3p”(DOI:10.1097/JBR.0000000000000013)[1]due to the issue of copyright ownership.The text of this retraction notice has been agreed by all authors and the Editors-in-Chief.The authors apologize for any inconvenience this retraction may cause for readers and editors of Journal of Bio-X Research.展开更多
Objective: The impact of dairy fat on inflammatory bowel disease remained inconclusive. We aimed to compare the effects of whole-milk and skimmed-milk consumption on the risk of inflammatory bowel disease using a Mend...Objective: The impact of dairy fat on inflammatory bowel disease remained inconclusive. We aimed to compare the effects of whole-milk and skimmed-milk consumption on the risk of inflammatory bowel disease using a Mendelian randomization analysis.Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study of the preference for whole versus skimmed milk using data for 20,200 whole-milk consumers and 67,847 skimmed-milk consumers from the UK Biobank. The lead single nucleotide polymorphisms in the associated loci were identified at the genome-wide significance level, and were further employed as instrumental variables for whole-milk preference. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis with whole-milk preference as the exposure and inflammatory bowel disease as the outcome. The pleiotropic effects and heterogeneity of the instrumental variables were estimated using Mendelian randomization-Egger regression and CochranQ test, respectively. This study was conducted using the UKB resources under the application "53536" . The UK Biobank was approved by the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care in England and Wales, and the Community Health Index Advisory Group in Scotland.Results: The genome-wide association study identified five lead nucleotide polymorphisms associated with whole-milk preference. Mendelian randomization indicated that whole-milk preference significantly decreased the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (β=-1.735,P=0.048). Of the two subtypes, whole-milk preference was associated with a lower risk of Crohn disease (β=-2.549,P=0.032), but had no significant effect on the risk of ulcerative colitis (β=-1.002,P=0.44).Conclusion: Consumption of whole-milk fat may protect against Crohn disease, compared with skimmed milk. This conclusion was based on causal inference in a cohort study, and further validation in randomized controlled trials is warranted.展开更多
Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and antibody and herpes simplex virus 2 IgM are seromarkers indicating infection with HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), respectively, whereas tumor necro...Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and antibody and herpes simplex virus 2 IgM are seromarkers indicating infection with HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), respectively, whereas tumor necrosis factor α is an inflammatory biomarker that can be triggered by infections. Female children of single parents are faced with many socio-economic challenges that make them vulnerable to sexual influences and prone to sexually transmitted infections. The goal of this work was to determine HIV p24 antigen/antibody, HSV-2 IgM and tumor necrosis factor-α plasma levels in adult female children living in single-parent households.Methods: In this case-control observational study, 100 adult female children living with a single parent (50 living with a single mother and 50 living with a single father;age: 18-22 years) and 100 age-matched women living with both parents were recruited to serve as the test and control groups, respectively. All subjects were negative for acid-fast bacilli, plasmodium, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. Human tumor necrosis factor α, HSV-2 IgM, antibody to hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B surface antigen and human immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen and antibody (HIV p24 Ag/Ab) levels were determined by ELISA, while the detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum andPlasmodium in blood was carried out by optical microscopy. This work was carried out in the Owo/Ose Federal Constituency in Ondo State that shares boundaries with Edo State. The study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria (AUO/MLS/2020/127) on August 27, 2020.Results: HIV p24 Ag/Ab was detected in 0 adult female children living with a single mother, 1 (2%) adult female child living with a single father and 1 (1 %) adult female child living with both parents. HSV-2 IgM was detected in 9 (18%) adult female children living with a single mother, 13 (26%) adult female children living with a single father, and 5 (10%) adult female children living with both parents.Conclusion: This work shows that adult female children of single parents are vulnerable to sexual influences, and thereby more prone to HSV-2 and possibly HIV, especially adult female children of single fathers.展开更多
The developmental origins of health and disease theory states that environmental stresses during the early stages of life influence health and risk of developing non-communicable diseases throughout the lifespan of an...The developmental origins of health and disease theory states that environmental stresses during the early stages of life influence health and risk of developing non-communicable diseases throughout the lifespan of an individual.Developmental plasticity is thought to be a possible underlying mechanism.Here,I discuss a contrasting but complementary genetic hypothesis regarding the developmental origins of health and disease theory:crosstalk between the genomes of the parents and offspring is responsible for shaping and adapting responses to environmental stresses,regulating early growth and predisposition to non-communicable diseases.Genetic variants that are beneficial in terms of responses to early life stresses may have pleiotropic detrimental effects on health later in life,which may change the allele frequencies driven by selection on a population level.Genetic studies on the cohort of children born after assisted reproduction could provide insight regarding the genetic mechanisms of the developmental origins of health and disease theory.展开更多
In recent decades,single-cell(SC)technologies and applications have been a very hot topics in the field of biology and medicine.In fact,early studies involving a single cell were on the malignant process of acute nonl...In recent decades,single-cell(SC)technologies and applications have been a very hot topics in the field of biology and medicine.In fact,early studies involving a single cell were on the malignant process of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and inherited or sporadic genetic disease in the 1980s.And since the RhD gene in a single cell from maternal plasma was detected by fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in the 1990s,“SC biopsies”[1]were widely used for early diagnosis in clinical practice in the 2000s.Previous studies showed that SC RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was used to evaluate patterns of allelic gene expression at the allele-specific mRNA level,and SC genome analysis can be used for genetic diagnosis.展开更多
Phototherapies offer promising alternatives to traditional cancer therapies.Phototherapies mainly rely on manipulation of target tissue through photothermal,photochemical,or photomechanical interactions.Combining phot...Phototherapies offer promising alternatives to traditional cancer therapies.Phototherapies mainly rely on manipulation of target tissue through photothermal,photochemical,or photomechanical interactions.Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy has the benefit of eliciting a systemic immune response.Specifically,photothermal therapy(PTT)has been shown to induce apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells,releasing tumor associated antigenic peptides while sparing healthy host cells,through temperature increase in targeted tissue.However,the tissue temperature must be monitored and controlled to minimize adverse thermal effects on normal tissue and to avoid the destruction of tumor-specific antigens,in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effects of PTT.Techniques for monitoring PTT have evolved from post-treatment quantification methods like enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,western blot analysis,and flow cytometry to modern methods capable of real-time monitoring,such as magnetic resonance thermometry,computed tomography,and photoacoustic imaging.Monitoring methods are largely chosen based on the type of light delivery to the target tissue.Interstitial methods of thermometry,such as thermocouples and fiber-optic sensors,are able to monitor temperature of the local tumor environment.However,these methods can be challenging if the phototherapy itself is interstitially administered.Increasingly,non-invasive therapies call for non-invasive monitoring,which can be achieved through magnetic resonance thermometry,computed tomography,and photoacoustic imaging techniques.The purpose of this review is to introduce the feasible methods used to monitor tissue temperature during PTT.The descriptions of different techniques and the measurement examples can help the researchers and practitioners when using therapeutic PTT.展开更多
基金This work was supported by Grant from Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Molecular Mechanism and Translational Medicine of Guangzhou Bureau of Science and Information TechnologyGrant from the Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes+3 种基金and financially supported by the grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.81602539,81702902,81602125)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(no.2016A030310183)International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Guangdong Province(no.2015A050502021)Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(no.201400000004-5).
文摘Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3(PRL3)promotes colorectal cancer(CRC)metastasis by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition(MET),the opposite of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition,has been proposed as a mechanism for the establishment of metastatic neoplasms.However,the molecular mechanism of MET remains unclear.Here,we show that miR-203a-3p derived from hepatocyte exosomes inhibits Src expression,reduces epidermal growth factor receptor activity and downstream signaling pathways,and increases E-cadherin expression,which is a typical mesenchymal cell marker of MET,in CRC cells.These results show the important role of epidermal growth factor receptor in CRC cell MET.
基金This study was supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81071287 and No.31371274)the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016 YFC0905001)+1 种基金the Scientific and Technological Research in Open Collaborative Projects of Henan Province(No.152106000044)the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology Program(No.14DJ1400100).
文摘The majority of patients who experience cutaneous adverse drug reactions(cADRs)concurrently receive multiple medications,meaning that the causative drug remains unidentified.We explored the association between human leukocyte antigen(HLA)alleles and cADRs,regardless of the allergenic drug,to investigate whether different drug-induced cADRs were associated with the same or similar risk alleles in a Han Chinese population.We genotyped a sample of 146 cADR patients and 230 population controls from the same hospital and systematically analyzed the association between HLA Class I genes and cADRs.The carrier frequency of HLAB∗46:01 in cADR patients was found to be significantly higher than that in population controls(P=.0021,odds ratio[OR]=2.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.33-2.58).Subgroup analysis showed that HLA-B∗46:01 was significantly associated with urticaria and erythema multiforme(P=.0077,OR=2.53,95%CI:1.30-4.91;and P=.0049,OR=2.77,95%CI:1.39-5.50,respectively).Furthermore,a significant association was also detected between HLA-A∗02:01 and erythema multiforme(P=.0038,OR=2.65,95%CI:1.31-5.33).This study is the first to demonstrate that HLA-B∗46:01 is a risk allele for cADRs in a Han Chinese population,indicating that screening for HLA-B∗46:01 prior to the administration of medication may predict the risk of developing cADRs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81770261)Medical and Health Science and Technology Innovation Project of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(No.2019-RC-HL-021)
文摘Alternative splicing plays a pivotal role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression,contributing to the generation of proteome diversity.Autophagy is a conserved cellular machinery governing degradation and recycling of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles.However,there is limited knowledge of the roles of alternative splicing in autophagy,in particular mitochondrial selective autophagy,termed mitophagy.Emerging evidence suggests autophagy-related proteins(Atg),key molecules in autophagy process,are involved.This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which alternative splicing affects the functions of ATG genes including BECN1,ATG5,ATG16L1,and Bim genes,and thus manipulates autophagy levels in various diseases.This review found that the effects of splicing of ATG genes generally result in inhibiting autophagy.However,very few of the many autophagy associated proteins have been studied.More research into the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of splicing factors will be necessary to understand their roles in pathological conditions associated with autophagy and mitophagy.
文摘Cardiac disorders, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and arrhythmias, are marked causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early diagnosis and effective management of these conditions are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Biomarkers, which are measurable biological indicators, have emerged as essential tools in the diagnosis, prognosis, and risk stratification of cardiac diseases. Among the well-established biomarkers, cardiac troponins (cardiac troponin I and cardiac troponin T) exhibit high sensitivity and specificity in the detection of myocardial infarction, and recent advances have improved early diagnosis and risk evaluation. B-type natriuretic peptide and its precursor N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide play critical roles in the diagnosis and management of heart failure;elevated levels of these factors indicate poor prognosis and can guide therapeutic decision-making. Additionally, C-reactive protein levels have been widely used in cardiovascular risk assessment and show high sensitivity. Emerging biomarkers, such as galectin-3, suppression of tumorigenicity 2, and microRNAs, show promise in enhancing the prediction of heart failure, assessment of myocardial stress, and detection of cardiac conditions in early stages. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of these biomarkers, highlighting their clinical applications and limitations, as well as the integration of these biomarkers with imaging techniques. This review also explores the potential for future research aimed at developing personalized treatment strategies based on biomarker profiles. Biomarkers are becoming increasingly vital in optimizing cardiac care and improving patient outcomes through more targeted and individualized approaches.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81971254 and 81771440)Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017SHZDZX01).
文摘Objective:He-Zhao deficiency was originally described as a severe type of nonsyndromic hypodontia,and the causative gene locus was mapped to chromosome 10q11.2.The aim of this study was to identify potential genetic mutations that could cause He-Zhao deficiency.Methods:Patients with He-Zhao deficiency and their unaffected relatives of the large pedigree were investigated.The whole-exome sequencing using next-generation sequencing was employed to identify genetic variants.The data generated from the whole-exome sequencing using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 system were further analyzed by Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software,Sequence Alignment/Map tools and ANNOVAR tool.In vitro luciferase assay was used to investigate the effect of the detected mutation on gene expression.R environment was used to conduct t-tests.The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Bio-X Institutes,Shanghai Jiao Tong University(M2011004).Results:The exomes of five patients with He-Zhao deficiency and two of their unaffected relatives identified a mutation in PRKG1αas the molecular etiology of the disease.The variant c.-144 C>A of PRKG1 isoform 1 cosegregated with permanent tooth agenesis in 93 family members who were older than 12,at which time the primary teeth should have been replaced with permanent teeth.Functional studies suggested that the mutant allele promotes gene transcription by increasing its promoter activity.Conclusion:c.-144 C>A variant of PRKG1αinvolving odontoclast-associated root resorption is responsible for He-Zhao deficiency,unlike other forms of hypodontia,which typically involve odontoblast dysfunction.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0910600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62007026,81627807,11727813,81871397,81701853,91859109)+3 种基金the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation of China(No.161104)the Program for the Young Top-notch Talent of Shaanxi Province,the Research Fund for Young Star of Science and Technology in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2018KJXX-018)the Science and Technology Projects of Xi’an,China(No.201809170CX11JC12)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2019JQ-201).
文摘Objective::In order to study the important role and molecular mechanism of Brevinin-2 family antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)infection of Caenorhabditis(C.)elegans,and to find the optimal therapeutic concentration of Brevinin-2ISb.Methods::By using a C.elegans model and MRSA infection modelto study the therapeutic effect of different concentrations of Brevinin-2ISb on C.elegans.Real-time PCR was used for investigating the effect of Brevinin-2ISb on the downstream gene expression of DAF-2/DAF-16 innate immune pathway and the major virulence factor gene expression of MRSA.With protein activity tests to study the inhibitory effect of Brevinin-2ISb on MRSA virulence factor protein activity.Finally,laser confocal imaging was carried out to observe real-time expression and distribution of downstream antimicrobial proteins to further prove the effect of Brevinin-2ISb on the activation of DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway by in vivo imaging.All animal study procedures were approved by the Academic Committee at Xidian University and Xi’an Jiaotong University Animal Care and Use Committee,China(approval No.JGC201207)on July 15,2017.Results::Host immunity was largely enhanced by Brevinin-2ISb,and the expression of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes,as well as virulence factors,was suppressed by Brevinin-2ISb.Indeed,the expression of many C.elegans innate immune genes,including lys-7,spp-1,K05D8.5 and C29F3.7,was induced by Brevinin-2ISb.In particular,robust,sustained expression of the antibacterial gene lys-7 was observed after Brevinin-2ISb treatment,resulting in increased protein levels.These effects correlated with a reduction in the MRSA-mediated death of the C.elegans host.Low concentrations of Brevinin-2ISb exhibited very low hemolytic activity,and may play a positive role in host innate immunity.Specifically,activation of the DAF-2/DAF-16 pathway appears to be essential for immune activation in C.elegans treated with Brevinin-2ISb.Based on the evolutionary conservation of innate immune pathways,our results suggest that Brevinin-2ISb not only has strong antibacterial activity,but may also enhance the innate immune response in humans.This study demonstrates that Brevinin-2ISb-related peptides are potential candidates for the development of novel anti-inflammatory or anti-microbial drugs.Conclusion::Antimicrobial peptide Brevinin-2ISb effectively inhibits MRSA at low concentration.This antimicrobial peptide can prolong the life of MRSA-infected C.elegans,has very low hemolytic activity and inhibits the activity and expression of various MRSA virulence factors.More importantly,Brevinin-2ISb activated the expression of antimicrobial genes downstream of DAF-2/DAF-16,which enhanced the MRSA resistance of C.elegans.This peptide could be used as the basis for developing new drugs to replace antibiotics.
文摘The eye is one of the most delicate organs in the body,and glaucoma is considered to be a major cause of blindness.The unique and distinct architecture and physiology of the human eye continue to pose a major challenge for pharmacologists and researchers seeking to provide effective medication delivery.Despite the number of established invasive and noninvasive eye treatments,such as implants,eye drops,and injections,these still lead to several serious side effects that can result from either low bioavailability or adverse ocular effects.Novel eye disease treatments can be developed with the help of nanoscience and nanotechnology.Many active compounds have been engineered to react with nanocarriers to engage with ocular tissues precisely and overcome ocular difficulties.Future research into novel drug delivery systems and targeted treatments is expected to increase because the approach of reducing intraocular pressure(IOP)cannot contain the progress of glaucoma in the general population of patients.This review focuses on the potential benefits of green chemistry and nanotechnology in ophthalmology,particularly in the treatment and diagnosis of glaucoma.Green synthesis has attracted significant interest as a dependable,environmentally friendly,and sustainable method for producing a range of nanomaterials,such as metal/oxide nanoparticles,hybrid materials,and bioinspired materials.
文摘In the paper titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosomederived miR-203a-3p”,published on pages 62-72,Issue 2,Volume 1 of Journal of Bio-X Research,[1]Figures 2G and 5F(including the legend of Figure 5)appear incorrectly in the published article.Please see the correct Figures 2G and 5F and the legend of Figure 5 here.
基金supported by the National Natural Ascience Foundation of China(No.31821003 to HX)the China Ministry of Science and Technology(No.2018AAA0100300 to HX).
文摘Objective:Although the neurological and olfactory symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 have been identified,the neurotropic properties of the causative virus,severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),remain unknown.We sought to identify the susceptible cell types and potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system,olfactory system,and respiratory system.Methods:We collected single-cell RNA data from normal brain and nasal epithelium specimens,along with bronchial,tracheal,and lung specimens in public datasets.The susceptible cell types that express SARS-CoV-2 entry genes were identified using single-cell RNA sequencing and the expression of the key genes at protein levels was verified by immunohistochemistry.We compared the coexpression patterns of the entry receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)and the spike protein priming enzyme transmembrane serine protease(TMPRSS)/cathepsin L among the specimens.Results:The SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor ACE2 and the spike protein priming enzyme TMPRSS/cathepsin L were coexpressed by pericytes in brain tissue;this coexpression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.In the nasal epithelium,ciliated cells and sustentacular cells exhibited strong coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS.Neurons and glia in the brain and nasal epithelium did not exhibit coexpression of ACE2 and TMPRSS.However,coexpression was present in ciliated cells,vascular smooth muscle cells,and fibroblasts in tracheal tissue;ciliated cells and goblet cells in bronchial tissue;and alveolar epithelium type 1 cells,AT2 cells,and ciliated cells in lung tissue.Conclusion:Neurological symptoms in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 could be associated with SARS-CoV-2 invasion across the blood-brain barrier via pericytes.Additionally,SARS-CoV-2-induced olfactory disorders could be the result of localized cell damage in the nasal epithelium.
文摘Single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)allows researchers to examine the transcriptome at the single-cell level and has been increasingly employed as technologies continue to advance.Due to technical and biological reasons unique to scRNA-seq data,denoising and batch effect correction are almost indispensable to ensure valid and powerful data analysis.However,various aspects of scRNA-seq data pose grand challenges for such essential tasks pertaining to data pre-processing,normalization or harmonization.In this review,we first discuss properties of scRNA-seq data that contribute to the challenges for denoising and batch effect correction from a computational perspective.We then focus on reviewing several state-of-the-art methods for dropout imputation and batch effect correction,comparing their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,we benchmarked three widely used correction tools using two hematopoietic scRNA-seq datasets to show their performance in a real data application.
文摘Photoheating in a venous blood vessel under near-infrared laser irradiation by a scanning laser beam,which is synchronized with the blood flow velocity,is analyzed numerically by considering the light scattering,absorption,and heat transfer in the blood and surrounding tissues.The scanning regime of the laser irradiation with a wavelength of 1064 nm is found to increase strongly the photoheating of the blood while minimizing the overheating of the skin and the tissues surrounding the blood vessel.Simulations show that the photoheating effect can be additionally enhanced by light-absorbing nanoparticles in the blood.The proposed approach of dynamic laser photohyperthermia with the scanning laser beam is discussed for potential applications in laser phototherapy.
基金the National Key Research&Development Program of China,No.2018YFC0910601(to XX)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,Nos.81701853(to QZ)and 62007026(to HX)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China,Nos.2019JQ-519(to XX)and 2019JQ-201(to HX).
文摘Objective:The aim of this work was to measure the antibacterial activity(against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus[S.aureus])of the ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis and assess their potential as medicines.Methods:The experiment was divided into four groups:negative control group[with Mueller-Hinton broth(MHB)],positive control group(with 75%ethanol),blank group(with MHB)and test group(with the ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis).The antibacterial activities of the extracts were evaluated by the Oxford cup assay and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC).Time-kill curve experiments,scanning electron microscopy,the content of DNA,RNA and protein were used to study the antibacterial mechanism of the ethyl acetate extract part on the growth and viability of S.aureus.The study procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Xi’an Jiaotong University(approval No.XJTULAC2016-412)on January 22,2016.Results:The ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis extract exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against the growth of S.aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of 16.4mm and MIC value of 0.5mg/mL.The general activity range of the ethyl acetate part,determined using a time-killing curve,was found to be 0.5mg/mL to 40mg/mL(MIC to 80MIC).Changes in the scanning electron microscopy images and of DNA,RNA and proteins of S.aureus indicated possible mechanisms of the inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate part.Conclusion:The ethyl acetate part of Abrus cantoniensis damaged bacterial cell structures,which results in protoplasm leakage,and eventually bacterial cell death.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China,No.LY19H130003(to YH),LY19H130004(to HL)Wenzhou Basic Scientific Research Project of China,No.Y20180091(to YH).
文摘In this retrospective study,we evaluated the preoperative and intraoperative findings and functional results of revision surgery after canal wall down mastoidectomy.We reviewed 34 patients(14 men,20 women;age,17–68 years)who underwent revision canal wall down mastoidectomy from March 2006 to March 2017 in the Department of Otology of the First Affiliated Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University,China.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital,Wenzhou Medical University,China(approval No.2008-05-02A11)on May 2,2008.The possible reasons for previous surgical failures were confirmed by the operative findings and included a narrow auditory meatus orifice(100%),recurrent or residual cholesteatoma(82%),high facial ridge(94%),residual air cells(47%),and labyrinthine fistula(12%).The mean time until achievement of dry ear after surgery was 5.8±2.4 weeks.After a mean 6-month follow-up,the mean postoperative air–bone gap decreased from 33.8±4.8 to 17.1±5.1dB in 30 patients who underwent mastoidectomy with simultaneous tympanoplasty.However,no significant postoperative hearing change had occurred in the other 4 patients with eustachian tube occlusion.All patients were followed up for>24 months with a disease-free dry ear and stable hearing results.The main reasons for lack of dry ears after mastoidectomy were a narrow auditory meatus orifice,recurrent or residual cholesteatoma,high facial ridge,and residual air cells.Early dry ear and hearing promotion are obtainable in most patients using revision canal wall down mastoidectomy.
文摘From interpreting the structure and function of proteins to exploring the double helix structure of DNA and completion of the Human Genome Project,our understanding of the life sciences increased rema rkably in the 20th century.These achievements were largely made by physicists,chemists,and biologists working within their own fields.Today,however,biological discoveries increasingly result from interdisciplinary approaches.For example,interpretation of the nucleotide sequence of genes is based on advances in engineering and computer science.Therefore,interdisciplinarity is essential for biology to advance in the 21st century.
文摘At the request of the authors,Journal of Bio-X Research is retracting the original article titled“The mechanisms of colorectal cancer cell mesenchymal–epithelial transition induced by hepatocyte exosome-derived miR-203a-3p”(DOI:10.1097/JBR.0000000000000013)[1]due to the issue of copyright ownership.The text of this retraction notice has been agreed by all authors and the Editors-in-Chief.The authors apologize for any inconvenience this retraction may cause for readers and editors of Journal of Bio-X Research.
文摘Objective: The impact of dairy fat on inflammatory bowel disease remained inconclusive. We aimed to compare the effects of whole-milk and skimmed-milk consumption on the risk of inflammatory bowel disease using a Mendelian randomization analysis.Methods: We conducted a genome-wide association study of the preference for whole versus skimmed milk using data for 20,200 whole-milk consumers and 67,847 skimmed-milk consumers from the UK Biobank. The lead single nucleotide polymorphisms in the associated loci were identified at the genome-wide significance level, and were further employed as instrumental variables for whole-milk preference. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis with whole-milk preference as the exposure and inflammatory bowel disease as the outcome. The pleiotropic effects and heterogeneity of the instrumental variables were estimated using Mendelian randomization-Egger regression and CochranQ test, respectively. This study was conducted using the UKB resources under the application "53536" . The UK Biobank was approved by the North West Multi-center Research Ethics Committee, the National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care in England and Wales, and the Community Health Index Advisory Group in Scotland.Results: The genome-wide association study identified five lead nucleotide polymorphisms associated with whole-milk preference. Mendelian randomization indicated that whole-milk preference significantly decreased the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (β=-1.735,P=0.048). Of the two subtypes, whole-milk preference was associated with a lower risk of Crohn disease (β=-2.549,P=0.032), but had no significant effect on the risk of ulcerative colitis (β=-1.002,P=0.44).Conclusion: Consumption of whole-milk fat may protect against Crohn disease, compared with skimmed milk. This conclusion was based on causal inference in a cohort study, and further validation in randomized controlled trials is warranted.
文摘Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen and antibody and herpes simplex virus 2 IgM are seromarkers indicating infection with HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), respectively, whereas tumor necrosis factor α is an inflammatory biomarker that can be triggered by infections. Female children of single parents are faced with many socio-economic challenges that make them vulnerable to sexual influences and prone to sexually transmitted infections. The goal of this work was to determine HIV p24 antigen/antibody, HSV-2 IgM and tumor necrosis factor-α plasma levels in adult female children living in single-parent households.Methods: In this case-control observational study, 100 adult female children living with a single parent (50 living with a single mother and 50 living with a single father;age: 18-22 years) and 100 age-matched women living with both parents were recruited to serve as the test and control groups, respectively. All subjects were negative for acid-fast bacilli, plasmodium, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus. Human tumor necrosis factor α, HSV-2 IgM, antibody to hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B surface antigen and human immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen and antibody (HIV p24 Ag/Ab) levels were determined by ELISA, while the detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum andPlasmodium in blood was carried out by optical microscopy. This work was carried out in the Owo/Ose Federal Constituency in Ondo State that shares boundaries with Edo State. The study protocol was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria (AUO/MLS/2020/127) on August 27, 2020.Results: HIV p24 Ag/Ab was detected in 0 adult female children living with a single mother, 1 (2%) adult female child living with a single father and 1 (1 %) adult female child living with both parents. HSV-2 IgM was detected in 9 (18%) adult female children living with a single mother, 13 (26%) adult female children living with a single father, and 5 (10%) adult female children living with both parents.Conclusion: This work shows that adult female children of single parents are vulnerable to sexual influences, and thereby more prone to HSV-2 and possibly HIV, especially adult female children of single fathers.
文摘The developmental origins of health and disease theory states that environmental stresses during the early stages of life influence health and risk of developing non-communicable diseases throughout the lifespan of an individual.Developmental plasticity is thought to be a possible underlying mechanism.Here,I discuss a contrasting but complementary genetic hypothesis regarding the developmental origins of health and disease theory:crosstalk between the genomes of the parents and offspring is responsible for shaping and adapting responses to environmental stresses,regulating early growth and predisposition to non-communicable diseases.Genetic variants that are beneficial in terms of responses to early life stresses may have pleiotropic detrimental effects on health later in life,which may change the allele frequencies driven by selection on a population level.Genetic studies on the cohort of children born after assisted reproduction could provide insight regarding the genetic mechanisms of the developmental origins of health and disease theory.
文摘In recent decades,single-cell(SC)technologies and applications have been a very hot topics in the field of biology and medicine.In fact,early studies involving a single cell were on the malignant process of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and inherited or sporadic genetic disease in the 1980s.And since the RhD gene in a single cell from maternal plasma was detected by fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction(PCR)in the 1990s,“SC biopsies”[1]were widely used for early diagnosis in clinical practice in the 2000s.Previous studies showed that SC RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)was used to evaluate patterns of allelic gene expression at the allele-specific mRNA level,and SC genome analysis can be used for genetic diagnosis.
基金This work was supported in part by grants from the U.S.National Institutes of Health,No.R01 CA205348(to WRC)the Oklahoma Center for Advancement of Science and Technology,No.HR16-085(to WRC).
文摘Phototherapies offer promising alternatives to traditional cancer therapies.Phototherapies mainly rely on manipulation of target tissue through photothermal,photochemical,or photomechanical interactions.Combining phototherapy with immunotherapy has the benefit of eliciting a systemic immune response.Specifically,photothermal therapy(PTT)has been shown to induce apoptosis and necrosis in cancer cells,releasing tumor associated antigenic peptides while sparing healthy host cells,through temperature increase in targeted tissue.However,the tissue temperature must be monitored and controlled to minimize adverse thermal effects on normal tissue and to avoid the destruction of tumor-specific antigens,in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effects of PTT.Techniques for monitoring PTT have evolved from post-treatment quantification methods like enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,western blot analysis,and flow cytometry to modern methods capable of real-time monitoring,such as magnetic resonance thermometry,computed tomography,and photoacoustic imaging.Monitoring methods are largely chosen based on the type of light delivery to the target tissue.Interstitial methods of thermometry,such as thermocouples and fiber-optic sensors,are able to monitor temperature of the local tumor environment.However,these methods can be challenging if the phototherapy itself is interstitially administered.Increasingly,non-invasive therapies call for non-invasive monitoring,which can be achieved through magnetic resonance thermometry,computed tomography,and photoacoustic imaging techniques.The purpose of this review is to introduce the feasible methods used to monitor tissue temperature during PTT.The descriptions of different techniques and the measurement examples can help the researchers and practitioners when using therapeutic PTT.
