Background:Excessive heat exposure can lead to hyperthermia in humans,which impairs physical performance and disrupts cognitive function.While heat is a known physiological stressor,it is unclear how severe heat stres...Background:Excessive heat exposure can lead to hyperthermia in humans,which impairs physical performance and disrupts cognitive function.While heat is a known physiological stressor,it is unclear how severe heat stress affects brain physiology and function.Methods:Eleven healthy participants were subjected to heat stress from prolonged exercise or warm water immersion until their rectal temperatures(T_(re))attained 39.5℃,inducing exertional or passive hyperthermia,respectively.In a separate trial,blended ice was ingested before and during exercise as a cooling strategy.Data were compared to a control condition with seated rest(normothermic).Brain temperature(T_(br)),cerebral perfusion,and task-based brain activity were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Results:T_(br)in motor cortex was found to be tightly regulated at rest(37.3℃±0.4℃(mean±SD))despite fluctuations in T_(re).With the development of hyperthermia,T_(br)increases and dovetails with the rising T_(re).Bilateral motor cortical activity was suppressed during high-intensity plantarflexion tasks,implying a reduced central motor drive in hyperthermic participants(T_(re)=38.5℃±0.1℃).Global gray matter perfusion and regional perfusion in sensorimotor cortex were reduced with passive hyperthermia.Executive function was poorer under a passive hyperthermic state,and this could relate to compromised visual processing as indicated by the reduced activation of left lateral-occipital cortex.Conversely,ingestion of blended ice before and during exercise alleviated the rise in both T_(re)and T_(bc)and mitigated heat-related neural perturbations.Conclusion:Severe heat exposure elevates T_(br),disrupts motor cortical activity and executive function,and this can lead to impairment of physical and cognitive performance.展开更多
Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following ...Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physical function in healthy adults aged>18 years.Results:We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria.The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews;standardized effectiveness statements were generated.We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass(4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and physical function(1/1 review provided some evidence).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),weekly frequency(2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and exercise order(1/1 review provided some evidence)impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength.We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass.There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set configuration,set end point,contraction velocity/time under tension,or exercise order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenced skeletal muscle adaptations.A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function.Conclusion:Overall,RT increased muscle mass,strength,and physical function compared to no exercise.RT intensity(load)and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy.RT volume(number of sets)influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.展开更多
Background:Active videogames or exergames have been used as an innovative way to promote physical activity(PA)among various populations.A player’s interest in active videogames is associated with the fun and entertai...Background:Active videogames or exergames have been used as an innovative way to promote physical activity(PA)among various populations.A player’s interest in active videogames is associated with the fun and entertaining nature of the games and may trigger situational interest,thus increasing engagement.The goal of this study was to examine the impact of situational interest dimensions on college students’PA when playing the design-based bike exergame Greedy Rabbit(Vescape,Berlin,Germany).Methods:Sixty undergraduate students(age:20.8±1.3 years,mean±SD,18-25 years old;51.7%males)were recruited from the kinesiology department of a university located in the southern region of Belgium.The participants were assigned to an experimental group(n=41)or a control group(n=19)based on an incremental cycling test.Students in the experimental group engaged in 1 session of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape)while students in the control group engaged in 1 session of a placebo version of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape).The length of the sessions ranged from 24 min to 31 min.Results:Results for the control group indicated that the players’PA metrics(cadence:F(19,360)=1.43,p=0.11;heart rate:F(19.360)=1.16,p=0.29;oxygen consumption:F(19,360)=0.83,p=0.67)were stable during the exergame.Results for the experimental group demonstrated the effects of time on the players’PA metrics and revealed significant associations between the change in the players’situational interest dimensions and PA metrics(cadence:F(19,800)=26.30,p<0.01;heart rate:F(19,800)=19.77,p<0.01;oxygen consumption:F(19,800)=10.04,p<0.01).Conclusion:An approach using a design-based exergame may be a relevant strategy for promoting levels of PA that yields positive health-related outcomes among college students.展开更多
Background:To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in male and female youth football players.Methods:Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Libra...Background:To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in male and female youth football players.Methods:Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and SPORTDiscus databases.Studies were considered if they reported injury incidence rate in male and female youth(≤19 years old)football players.Two reviewers(FJRP and ALV)extracted data and assessed trial quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE)statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale.The Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation approach determined the quality of evidence.Studies were combined using a Poisson random effects regression model.Results:Forty-three studies were included.The overall incidence rate was 5.70 injuries/1000 h in males and 6.77 injuries/1000 h in females.Match injury incidence(14.43 injuries/1000 h in males and 14.97 injuries/1000 h in females)was significantly higher than training injury incidence(2.77 injuries/1000 h in males and 2.62 injuries/1000 h in females).The lower extremity had the highest incidence rate in both sexes.The most common type of injury was muscle/tendon for males and joint/ligament for females.Minimal injuries were the most common in both sexes.The incidence rate of injuries increased with advances in chronological age in males.Elite male players presented higher match injury incidence than sub-elite players.In females,there was a paucity of data for comparison across age groups and levels of play.Conclusion:The high injury incidence rates and sex differences identified for the most common location and type of injury reinforce the need for implementing different targeted injury-risk mitigation strategies in male and female youth football players.展开更多
Aims The Journal of Sport and Health Science(JSHS)is a peer-reviewed,international,multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the advancement of sport,exercise,physical activity,and health sciences.JSHS publishes original...Aims The Journal of Sport and Health Science(JSHS)is a peer-reviewed,international,multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the advancement of sport,exercise,physical activity,and health sciences.JSHS publishes original and impactful research,topical reviews,editorials,opinion,and commentary papers relating physical and mental health,injury and disease prevention,traditional Chinese exercise,and human performance.Through a distinguished,carefully selected international editorial board,JSHS has adopted the highest academic standards,impeccable integrity,and an efficient publication platform.展开更多
Background:The Science,PE,&Me!(SPEM)curriculum is a concept-based physical education curriculum that offers students coherent educational experiences for constructing health-related fitness knowledge through movem...Background:The Science,PE,&Me!(SPEM)curriculum is a concept-based physical education curriculum that offers students coherent educational experiences for constructing health-related fitness knowledge through movement experiences.The purpose of this study was to evaluate students’motivational response to the SPEM curriculum from the situational interest perspective.Methods:The study used a cluster randomized controlled design in which 30 elementary schools in one of the largest metropolitan areas in the eastern United States were randomly assigned to an experimental or comparison condition.Although all students in the 3rd,4th,and 5th grades in the targeted schools were eligible to participate in the study,a random sample of students from the experimental(n=1749;15 schools)and comparison groups(n=1985;15 schools)provided data.Students’motivational response to the SPEM curriculum or comparison curriculum was measured using the previously validated Situational Interest Scale-Elementary.Data were analyzed using structural mean modeling.Results:The results demonstrated that the experimental group(as reference group)showed significantly higher enjoyment(z=-2.01),challenge(z=-6.54),exploration(z=-12.195),novelty(z=-8.80),and attention demand(z=-7.90)than the comparison group.Conclusion:The findings indicate that the SPEM curriculum created a more situationally interesting context for learning than the comparison physical education curriculum.展开更多
Background:Physical activity(PA)is generally encouraged.Studies from developed countries in the West have shown that maintenance of adequate PA or increasing PA are associated with lower mortality risk.It is unclear w...Background:Physical activity(PA)is generally encouraged.Studies from developed countries in the West have shown that maintenance of adequate PA or increasing PA are associated with lower mortality risk.It is unclear whether these associations apply to an older Chinese population.Hence,we examined the changes in PA prospectively among a middle-aged and older Chinese population over an average of 4 years and explored their subsequent mortality risks.Methods:Metabolic equivalent scores of PA among participants in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were calculated.Participants were divided into 3 groups related to PA level,and changes in PA were classified into 9 categories.Information on vital status and causes of death from March 2008 to December 2012(the first repeated examination)until December 31,2017,was obtained via record linkage with the Death Registry.Results:Of 18,104 participants aged 61.21±6.85 years(mean±SD),1461 deaths occurred within 141,417 person-years.Compared to participants who maintained moderate PA,those who decreased PA from moderate or high levels to a low level had increased risks for all-cause mortality(hazard ratio(HR)=1.47,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.11-1.96).Participants who maintained a high level of PA(HR=0.83,95%CI:0.70-0.98)or increased PA from low to high levels(HR=0.71,95%CI:0.52-0.97)showed lower all-cause mortality risks.Those who maintained low PA levels showed a higher all-cause mortality risk,whereas those who increased their PA levels showed a non-significantly lower risk.Similar results were found for cardiovascular disease risk.Conclusion:Even at an older age,maintaining a high PA level or increasing PA from low to high levels results in lower mortality risks,suggesting that substantial health benefits might be achieved by maintaining or increasing engagement in adequate levels of PA.The increased risk of maintaining a low PA level or decreasing PA to a low level warrants the attention of public health officials and clinicians.展开更多
Performance enhancement is considered an essential part of sport.1 However,in the world of competitive and high-performance sports,there is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug abuse....Performance enhancement is considered an essential part of sport.1 However,in the world of competitive and high-performance sports,there is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug abuse.2-4 The use of drugsthat is,banned substances-has become a serious problem with significant social,ethical,policy,and personal consequences,5-7and consequently compromises the integrity of sports and sportsmanship at all levels of competition,as well as the health and well-being of individual athletes and public health in general.展开更多
In a recent issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,García-Pinillos et al.~1 reviewed evidence on the effects of highintensity intermittent training(interval training)(HIIT)on muscular and performance ad...In a recent issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,García-Pinillos et al.~1 reviewed evidence on the effects of highintensity intermittent training(interval training)(HIIT)on muscular and performance adaptations in recreational runners.展开更多
The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to ...The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to public health,elder care services,policy-making,and the nation’s healthcare system.While the unprecedented changes in political and economic structures have obviously increased China’s productivity and revenues,what is less well understood is how they展开更多
Both exercise and aging increase reactive oxygen species （ROS）, which can result in damage to cells. Aging is the result of damage caused by ROS to the mitochondrial genome in post mitotic cells and numerous studies...Both exercise and aging increase reactive oxygen species （ROS）, which can result in damage to cells. Aging is the result of damage caused by ROS to the mitochondrial genome in post mitotic cells and numerous studies have demonstrated an increase in ROS or their byproducts with exercise. ROS can cause oxidative stress as they overwhelm the antioxidant cellular defenses. Therefore interventions aimed at limiting or inhibiting ROS production, such as supplementation with antioxidant vitamins, should be able to reduce fatigue during muscle contraction and the rate of formation of aging changes with a consequent reduction of the aging rate and disease pathogenesis. However, it has been shown that ROS are essential signaling molecules which are required to promote the health benefits of exercise and longevity. In young individuals, ROS are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, for the development of training-induced adaptations in endurance performance, as well as for the induction of the endogenous defense systems. Thus, taking antioxidants during training, in young athletes, seems to be detrimental. However, antioxidant supplementation may be expected to be beneficial and is receiving growing attention in the active old population. In this manuscript we review the literature associated with the main areas of interest in this topic.展开更多
Childhood obesity is an epidemic of global proportions,accompanied by an alarming increase in various metabolic disorders.It would appear that childhood obesity stems largely from excessive energy intake and that it i...Childhood obesity is an epidemic of global proportions,accompanied by an alarming increase in various metabolic disorders.It would appear that childhood obesity stems largely from excessive energy intake and that it is the ensuing obesity that leads to physical inactivity in children,as opposed to initial physical inactivity inducing obesity.How changes in body composition that accompany obesity influence physical activity (PA) and the mechanistic basis for this remains poorly understood.This review provides an overview of the PA habits and body composition of the obese children.We suggest skeletal muscle metabolism as a key driver of PA.The role both quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle may play in oxidative metabolism in the obese children are discussed.There is a real need for research examining the mechanistic basis of physical inactivity in the obese.The dearth of information on the role of skeletal muscle metabolism in the PA of obese youngsters and the emergence of new technologies allowing cellular and metabolite mechanisms to be explored provides plenty of scope for future work.展开更多
Short-leg walking boots are a common intervention for acute and chronic lower extremity injury.Few studies have examined the neuromuscular adaptations associated with short-leg walking boots and no previous study has ...Short-leg walking boots are a common intervention for acute and chronic lower extremity injury.Few studies have examined the neuromuscular adaptations associated with short-leg walking boots and no previous study has investigated timing characteristics of muscle activation during gait.The purpose of the current study was to examine the timing and amplitudes of muscle activation of the extrinsic ankle musculature during walking in two types of short-leg walking boots.Methods:Eleven healthy young adults performed five level walking trials at a self-selected pace in each of three conditions:normal walking,Gait Walker and Equalizer short-leg walking boots.Ground reaction forces were collected from a force platform while surface electromyography (EMG)was collected from the tibialis anterior,peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius.EMG signals were rectified and smoothed using the root mean squared with a 20-ms smoothing window and were normalized to the largest mean of the normal walking trials.A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of short-leg walking boots on the onset,duration and amplitude of muscle activation.Results:Short-leg walking boots were generally associated with earlier onsets of muscle activation and longer durations of muscle activation.However,there was no reduction in EMG amplitude.Conclusion:The findings of this study show that the induced alterations in muscle activation patterns may limit the short-leg walking boots.Copyright(C)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.展开更多
Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continu...Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continuous bout.Methods:PA was assessed using accelerometery in UK Biobank participants.The intensity of the most active continuous(MXCONT)and accumulated(MX)X min of the day,and their ratio(MXRATIO=MXCONT/MX),were determined.MXRATIO indicates how the most active minutes of the day are accumulated,ranging from a single continuous bout through to sporadic accumulation spread across the day.Durations(X)considered ranged from 1 to 20 min.The outcome was mortality.Results:In total,94,541 participants(56.5% female)were included.Over a median(interquartile range)follow-up of 6.9(6.3,7.4)years,2649(2.8%)deaths occurred.Intensity moderated the association between how the most active minutes of the day were accumulated and mortality risk,expressed relative to sporadically accumulated moderate PA.If the most active minutes were of moderate intensity,the risk of mortality was halved for continuous compared to sporadic accumulation,irrespective of duration;if the most active minutes were of vigorous intensity,a continuous bout was associated with the lowest risk for durations under 5 min(e.g.,3 min:hazard ratio(HR)=0.27,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.21-0.34),while sporadic accumulation was associated with the lowest risk for durations beyond 5 min(HR=0.11,95%CI:0.08-0.15 for the most active 20 min).Conclusion:Optimal PA patterns for reducing mortality differ by intensity and duration.For moderate-intensity PA,a lower mortality risk may be optimized by prioritizing continuous PA for up to 20 min.However,for vigorous-intensity PA,multiple short bouts(<5 min)may be optimal.This suggests tailored PA recommendations may enhance longevity benefits.展开更多
Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise...Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research.Studies of the vertebrate locomotor system’s adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise.In this brief review,we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms:(a)alterations in neuronal excitability during acute exercise;(b)alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise;(c)exercise-induced changes in neuronal membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity;(d)exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity;and(e)exercise-induced alterations in neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis.Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.展开更多
Purpose:To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years.Methods:Twenty schools in 5 different European coun...Purpose:To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years.Methods:Twenty schools in 5 different European countries(2 second-grade classrooms per school)participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial(Sport at School trial).Participants were assigned to either a control group,which continued with their habitual physical education lessons,or to an intervention group,which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention(Karate Mind and Movement program).A total of 721 children(344 girls and 377 boys,7.4±0.5 years old,mean±SD)completed the study,of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group,respectively.Outcomes included academic performance(average grade),psychosocial functioning(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents),and different markers of physical fitness(cardiorespiratory fitness,balance,and flexibility).Results:The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement(d=0.16;p=0.003),conduct problems(d=-0.28;p=0.003),cardiorespiratory fitness(d=0.36;p<0.001),and balance(d=0.24;p=0.015).There was a trend towards significant benefits for flexibility(d=0.24;p=0.056).No significant benefits were observed for other variables,including psychosocial difficulties,emotional symptoms,hyperactivity/inattention,peer problems,or prosocial behaviour(all p>0.05).Conclusion:A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement,conduct problems,and physical fitness in primary school children.The results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.展开更多
Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with...Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with functional capacity and hip and knee strength in people with PFP.Methods:We included a mixed-sex sample of young adults(18-35 years old)with PFP(n=100).Measurements for BMI,percentage of body fat,and lean mass(assessed by bioelectrical impedance)were obtained.Functional capacity was assessed by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale,plank test,and single-leg hop test.Strength of the knee extensors,knee flexors,and hip abductors was evaluated isometrically using an isokinetic dynamometer.The proportion of overweight/obesity was calculated based on BMI.The association between BMI,body fat,and lean mass and functional capacity and strength was investigated using partial correlations,followed by hierarchical regression analysis,adjusted for covariates(sex,bilateral pain,and current pain level).Results:A total of 38%of our cohort had their BMI categorized as overweight/obese.Higher BMI was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.06-0.12,p<0.001)and with knee flexion strength only(ΔR^(2)=0.04,p=0.030).Higher body fat was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.05-0.15,p≤0.015)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.15-0.23,p<0.001).Lower lean mass was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.04-0.13,p≤0.032)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.29-0.31,p<0.001).Conclusion:BMI,body fat,and lean mass should be considered in the assessment and management of young people with PFP because it may be detrimental to function and strength.展开更多
Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two...Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two participants performed double-leg vertical jump-landings while bilateral kinematics and kinetics were collected under 6conditions(upper or lower trunk perturbation locations;no,left,or right perturbation directions).Two customized catapult apparatuses were created to apply pushing perturbation to participants near the maximal jump height.Results:The ball contacted participants near the center of mass for the lower-trunk conditions and approximately 23 cm above the center of mass for the upper-trunk conditions.Under upper-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg demonstrated significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and greater peak knee abduction angles,peak vertical ground reaction forces,peak knee extension moments,and peak knee adduction moments compared to other legs among all conditions.Under lower-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg showed significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and increased peak vertical ground reaction forces and peak knee extension moments compared to legs in the no-perturbation conditions.Conclusion:Mid-flight external trunk pushing perturbation increased ACL loading variables for the leg contralateral to the perturbation.The uppertrunk perturbation resulted in greater changes in ACL loading variables compared to the lower-trunk perturbation,likely due to trunk and ipsilateral leg rotation and more laterally located center of mass relative to the contralateral leg.These findings may help us understand the mechanisms of indirect-contact ACL injuries and develop jump-landing training strategies under mid-flight trunk perturbation to better prevent ACL injury.展开更多
Purpose:To examine the joint associations between meeting guidelines for physical activity(PA)and sleep duration and all-cause mortality risk among adults.Methods:Participants were adults(n=282,473)aged 18-84 years wh...Purpose:To examine the joint associations between meeting guidelines for physical activity(PA)and sleep duration and all-cause mortality risk among adults.Methods:Participants were adults(n=282,473)aged 18-84 years who participated in the 2004-2014 U.S.National Health Interview Survey.Mortality status was ascertained using the National Death Index through December 2015.Self-reported PA(Active:meeting both aerobic(AER)and muscle-strengthening(MSA)guidelines,AER only(AER),MSA only(MSA),or not meeting either AER or MSA(Inactive))and sleep duration(Short,recommended(Rec),or Long)were classified according to guidelines,and 12 PA-sleep categories were derived.Adjusted hazard ratios and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)for all-cause mortality risk were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results:A total of 282,473 participants(55%females)were included;18,793 deaths(6.7%)occurred over an average follow-up of 5.4 years.Relative to the Active-Rec group,all other PA-sleep groups were associated with increased mortality risk except for the Active-Short group(hazard ratio=1.08;95%CI:0.92-1.26).The combination of long sleep with either MSA or Inactive appeared to be synergistic.For a given sleep duration,mortality risk progressively increased among participants classified as AER,MSA,and Inactive.Within each activity level,the mortality risk was greatest among adults with long sleep.Conclusion:Relative to adults meeting guidelines for both PA and sleep duration,adults who failed to meet guidelines for both AER and muscle strengthening PA and who also failed to meet sleep duration guidelines had elevated all-cause mortality risks.These results support interventions targeting both PA and sleep duration to reduce mortality risk.展开更多
基金supported by Defence Innovative Research Program(DIRP)Grant(PA No.9015102335)from Defence Research&Technology Office,Ministry of Defence,Singapore。
文摘Background:Excessive heat exposure can lead to hyperthermia in humans,which impairs physical performance and disrupts cognitive function.While heat is a known physiological stressor,it is unclear how severe heat stress affects brain physiology and function.Methods:Eleven healthy participants were subjected to heat stress from prolonged exercise or warm water immersion until their rectal temperatures(T_(re))attained 39.5℃,inducing exertional or passive hyperthermia,respectively.In a separate trial,blended ice was ingested before and during exercise as a cooling strategy.Data were compared to a control condition with seated rest(normothermic).Brain temperature(T_(br)),cerebral perfusion,and task-based brain activity were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Results:T_(br)in motor cortex was found to be tightly regulated at rest(37.3℃±0.4℃(mean±SD))despite fluctuations in T_(re).With the development of hyperthermia,T_(br)increases and dovetails with the rising T_(re).Bilateral motor cortical activity was suppressed during high-intensity plantarflexion tasks,implying a reduced central motor drive in hyperthermic participants(T_(re)=38.5℃±0.1℃).Global gray matter perfusion and regional perfusion in sensorimotor cortex were reduced with passive hyperthermia.Executive function was poorer under a passive hyperthermic state,and this could relate to compromised visual processing as indicated by the reduced activation of left lateral-occipital cortex.Conversely,ingestion of blended ice before and during exercise alleviated the rise in both T_(re)and T_(bc)and mitigated heat-related neural perturbations.Conclusion:Severe heat exposure elevates T_(br),disrupts motor cortical activity and executive function,and this can lead to impairment of physical and cognitive performance.
基金suppoited by an Alexander Graliam Bell Canada Graduate Scholarship-Doctoralsupported by an Ontario Graduate Scholarshipsupported by the Canada Research Chairs programme。
文摘Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physical function in healthy adults aged>18 years.Results:We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria.The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews;standardized effectiveness statements were generated.We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass(4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and physical function(1/1 review provided some evidence).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),weekly frequency(2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and exercise order(1/1 review provided some evidence)impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength.We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass.There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set configuration,set end point,contraction velocity/time under tension,or exercise order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenced skeletal muscle adaptations.A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function.Conclusion:Overall,RT increased muscle mass,strength,and physical function compared to no exercise.RT intensity(load)and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy.RT volume(number of sets)influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.
文摘Background:Active videogames or exergames have been used as an innovative way to promote physical activity(PA)among various populations.A player’s interest in active videogames is associated with the fun and entertaining nature of the games and may trigger situational interest,thus increasing engagement.The goal of this study was to examine the impact of situational interest dimensions on college students’PA when playing the design-based bike exergame Greedy Rabbit(Vescape,Berlin,Germany).Methods:Sixty undergraduate students(age:20.8±1.3 years,mean±SD,18-25 years old;51.7%males)were recruited from the kinesiology department of a university located in the southern region of Belgium.The participants were assigned to an experimental group(n=41)or a control group(n=19)based on an incremental cycling test.Students in the experimental group engaged in 1 session of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape)while students in the control group engaged in 1 session of a placebo version of Greedy Rabbit(Vescape).The length of the sessions ranged from 24 min to 31 min.Results:Results for the control group indicated that the players’PA metrics(cadence:F(19,360)=1.43,p=0.11;heart rate:F(19.360)=1.16,p=0.29;oxygen consumption:F(19,360)=0.83,p=0.67)were stable during the exergame.Results for the experimental group demonstrated the effects of time on the players’PA metrics and revealed significant associations between the change in the players’situational interest dimensions and PA metrics(cadence:F(19,800)=26.30,p<0.01;heart rate:F(19,800)=19.77,p<0.01;oxygen consumption:F(19,800)=10.04,p<0.01).Conclusion:An approach using a design-based exergame may be a relevant strategy for promoting levels of PA that yields positive health-related outcomes among college students.
基金supported by the Program of Human Resources Formation for Science and Technology(20326/FPI/2017)from the Seneca Foundation-Agency for Science and Technology in the Region of Murcia(Spain)supported by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship given by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(RYC2019-028383-I)+2 种基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(DEP2017-88775-P)the State Research Agency(AEI)the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF).
文摘Background:To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological data of injuries in male and female youth football players.Methods:Searches were performed in MEDLINE/PubMed,Web of Science,Cochrane Library,and SPORTDiscus databases.Studies were considered if they reported injury incidence rate in male and female youth(≤19 years old)football players.Two reviewers(FJRP and ALV)extracted data and assessed trial quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology(STROBE)statement and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale.The Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation approach determined the quality of evidence.Studies were combined using a Poisson random effects regression model.Results:Forty-three studies were included.The overall incidence rate was 5.70 injuries/1000 h in males and 6.77 injuries/1000 h in females.Match injury incidence(14.43 injuries/1000 h in males and 14.97 injuries/1000 h in females)was significantly higher than training injury incidence(2.77 injuries/1000 h in males and 2.62 injuries/1000 h in females).The lower extremity had the highest incidence rate in both sexes.The most common type of injury was muscle/tendon for males and joint/ligament for females.Minimal injuries were the most common in both sexes.The incidence rate of injuries increased with advances in chronological age in males.Elite male players presented higher match injury incidence than sub-elite players.In females,there was a paucity of data for comparison across age groups and levels of play.Conclusion:The high injury incidence rates and sex differences identified for the most common location and type of injury reinforce the need for implementing different targeted injury-risk mitigation strategies in male and female youth football players.
文摘Aims The Journal of Sport and Health Science(JSHS)is a peer-reviewed,international,multidisciplinary journal dedicated to the advancement of sport,exercise,physical activity,and health sciences.JSHS publishes original and impactful research,topical reviews,editorials,opinion,and commentary papers relating physical and mental health,injury and disease prevention,traditional Chinese exercise,and human performance.Through a distinguished,carefully selected international editorial board,JSHS has adopted the highest academic standards,impeccable integrity,and an efficient publication platform.
基金the Office of the Director,U.S.National Institutes of Health,under Award Number R25RR015674-1.
文摘Background:The Science,PE,&Me!(SPEM)curriculum is a concept-based physical education curriculum that offers students coherent educational experiences for constructing health-related fitness knowledge through movement experiences.The purpose of this study was to evaluate students’motivational response to the SPEM curriculum from the situational interest perspective.Methods:The study used a cluster randomized controlled design in which 30 elementary schools in one of the largest metropolitan areas in the eastern United States were randomly assigned to an experimental or comparison condition.Although all students in the 3rd,4th,and 5th grades in the targeted schools were eligible to participate in the study,a random sample of students from the experimental(n=1749;15 schools)and comparison groups(n=1985;15 schools)provided data.Students’motivational response to the SPEM curriculum or comparison curriculum was measured using the previously validated Situational Interest Scale-Elementary.Data were analyzed using structural mean modeling.Results:The results demonstrated that the experimental group(as reference group)showed significantly higher enjoyment(z=-2.01),challenge(z=-6.54),exploration(z=-12.195),novelty(z=-8.80),and attention demand(z=-7.90)than the comparison group.Conclusion:The findings indicate that the SPEM curriculum created a more situationally interesting context for learning than the comparison physical education curriculum.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No.81941019)the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2017YFC0907100)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong (No.2018A030313140)the Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau,Guangzhou,China (No.201704030132)the Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of the National Science and Technique Major Project (No.2018ZX10715004)the University of Birmingham,UK
文摘Background:Physical activity(PA)is generally encouraged.Studies from developed countries in the West have shown that maintenance of adequate PA or increasing PA are associated with lower mortality risk.It is unclear whether these associations apply to an older Chinese population.Hence,we examined the changes in PA prospectively among a middle-aged and older Chinese population over an average of 4 years and explored their subsequent mortality risks.Methods:Metabolic equivalent scores of PA among participants in the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study were calculated.Participants were divided into 3 groups related to PA level,and changes in PA were classified into 9 categories.Information on vital status and causes of death from March 2008 to December 2012(the first repeated examination)until December 31,2017,was obtained via record linkage with the Death Registry.Results:Of 18,104 participants aged 61.21±6.85 years(mean±SD),1461 deaths occurred within 141,417 person-years.Compared to participants who maintained moderate PA,those who decreased PA from moderate or high levels to a low level had increased risks for all-cause mortality(hazard ratio(HR)=1.47,95%confidence interval(95%CI):1.11-1.96).Participants who maintained a high level of PA(HR=0.83,95%CI:0.70-0.98)or increased PA from low to high levels(HR=0.71,95%CI:0.52-0.97)showed lower all-cause mortality risks.Those who maintained low PA levels showed a higher all-cause mortality risk,whereas those who increased their PA levels showed a non-significantly lower risk.Similar results were found for cardiovascular disease risk.Conclusion:Even at an older age,maintaining a high PA level or increasing PA from low to high levels results in lower mortality risks,suggesting that substantial health benefits might be achieved by maintaining or increasing engagement in adequate levels of PA.The increased risk of maintaining a low PA level or decreasing PA to a low level warrants the attention of public health officials and clinicians.
文摘Performance enhancement is considered an essential part of sport.1 However,in the world of competitive and high-performance sports,there is increasing evidence of a high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug abuse.2-4 The use of drugsthat is,banned substances-has become a serious problem with significant social,ethical,policy,and personal consequences,5-7and consequently compromises the integrity of sports and sportsmanship at all levels of competition,as well as the health and well-being of individual athletes and public health in general.
文摘In a recent issue of the Journal of Sport and Health Science,García-Pinillos et al.~1 reviewed evidence on the effects of highintensity intermittent training(interval training)(HIIT)on muscular and performance adaptations in recreational runners.
文摘The significant increase in the number of older adults in China,coupled with continuing industrialization and urbanization,has profound social and economic ramifications,including the evolution of major challenges to public health,elder care services,policy-making,and the nation’s healthcare system.While the unprecedented changes in political and economic structures have obviously increased China’s productivity and revenues,what is less well understood is how they
基金supported by grants SAF2010-19498 from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(MEC(gsl))ISCIII2006-RED13-027 from the Red Tematica de investigacion cooperativa en envejecimiento y fragilidad (RETICEF(gs2))+3 种基金P2011/02 RM from Catedra Real Madrid-UEM (gs3)PROMETEO2010/074 from Conselleria de Sanitat de la Generalitat Valenciana(gs4)35NEURO Gentx Gent from Fundacio Gent Per Gent de la Comunitat Valenciana(gs5) and EU(gs6) Funded COSTB35 and CM 1001co-financed by funds from the European Union
文摘Both exercise and aging increase reactive oxygen species （ROS）, which can result in damage to cells. Aging is the result of damage caused by ROS to the mitochondrial genome in post mitotic cells and numerous studies have demonstrated an increase in ROS or their byproducts with exercise. ROS can cause oxidative stress as they overwhelm the antioxidant cellular defenses. Therefore interventions aimed at limiting or inhibiting ROS production, such as supplementation with antioxidant vitamins, should be able to reduce fatigue during muscle contraction and the rate of formation of aging changes with a consequent reduction of the aging rate and disease pathogenesis. However, it has been shown that ROS are essential signaling molecules which are required to promote the health benefits of exercise and longevity. In young individuals, ROS are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, for the development of training-induced adaptations in endurance performance, as well as for the induction of the endogenous defense systems. Thus, taking antioxidants during training, in young athletes, seems to be detrimental. However, antioxidant supplementation may be expected to be beneficial and is receiving growing attention in the active old population. In this manuscript we review the literature associated with the main areas of interest in this topic.
文摘Childhood obesity is an epidemic of global proportions,accompanied by an alarming increase in various metabolic disorders.It would appear that childhood obesity stems largely from excessive energy intake and that it is the ensuing obesity that leads to physical inactivity in children,as opposed to initial physical inactivity inducing obesity.How changes in body composition that accompany obesity influence physical activity (PA) and the mechanistic basis for this remains poorly understood.This review provides an overview of the PA habits and body composition of the obese children.We suggest skeletal muscle metabolism as a key driver of PA.The role both quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle may play in oxidative metabolism in the obese children are discussed.There is a real need for research examining the mechanistic basis of physical inactivity in the obese.The dearth of information on the role of skeletal muscle metabolism in the PA of obese youngsters and the emergence of new technologies allowing cellular and metabolite mechanisms to be explored provides plenty of scope for future work.
基金funded in part by a grant from DeRoyal Industries,Inc.,Powell,TN,USA
文摘Short-leg walking boots are a common intervention for acute and chronic lower extremity injury.Few studies have examined the neuromuscular adaptations associated with short-leg walking boots and no previous study has investigated timing characteristics of muscle activation during gait.The purpose of the current study was to examine the timing and amplitudes of muscle activation of the extrinsic ankle musculature during walking in two types of short-leg walking boots.Methods:Eleven healthy young adults performed five level walking trials at a self-selected pace in each of three conditions:normal walking,Gait Walker and Equalizer short-leg walking boots.Ground reaction forces were collected from a force platform while surface electromyography (EMG)was collected from the tibialis anterior,peroneus longus and medial gastrocnemius.EMG signals were rectified and smoothed using the root mean squared with a 20-ms smoothing window and were normalized to the largest mean of the normal walking trials.A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of short-leg walking boots on the onset,duration and amplitude of muscle activation.Results:Short-leg walking boots were generally associated with earlier onsets of muscle activation and longer durations of muscle activation.However,there was no reduction in EMG amplitude.Conclusion:The findings of this study show that the induced alterations in muscle activation patterns may limit the short-leg walking boots.Copyright(C)2012,Shanghai University of Sport.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.
基金funded by UK Research and Innovation(research which commenced between October 1,2020-March 31,2021,Grant ref MC_PC_20029April 1,2021-September 31,2022,Grant ref MC_PC_20058)supported by the National Institute for Health Research(NIHR)Leicester Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Applied Research CollaborationEast Midlands(ARC-EM)。
文摘Background:Recent evidence suggests continuous bouts of physical activity(PA)are associated with longevity.We hypothesized the risk of mortality would be lower when the most active minutes of the day were in a continuous bout.Methods:PA was assessed using accelerometery in UK Biobank participants.The intensity of the most active continuous(MXCONT)and accumulated(MX)X min of the day,and their ratio(MXRATIO=MXCONT/MX),were determined.MXRATIO indicates how the most active minutes of the day are accumulated,ranging from a single continuous bout through to sporadic accumulation spread across the day.Durations(X)considered ranged from 1 to 20 min.The outcome was mortality.Results:In total,94,541 participants(56.5% female)were included.Over a median(interquartile range)follow-up of 6.9(6.3,7.4)years,2649(2.8%)deaths occurred.Intensity moderated the association between how the most active minutes of the day were accumulated and mortality risk,expressed relative to sporadically accumulated moderate PA.If the most active minutes were of moderate intensity,the risk of mortality was halved for continuous compared to sporadic accumulation,irrespective of duration;if the most active minutes were of vigorous intensity,a continuous bout was associated with the lowest risk for durations under 5 min(e.g.,3 min:hazard ratio(HR)=0.27,95% confidence interval(95%CI):0.21-0.34),while sporadic accumulation was associated with the lowest risk for durations beyond 5 min(HR=0.11,95%CI:0.08-0.15 for the most active 20 min).Conclusion:Optimal PA patterns for reducing mortality differ by intensity and duration.For moderate-intensity PA,a lower mortality risk may be optimized by prioritizing continuous PA for up to 20 min.However,for vigorous-intensity PA,multiple short bouts(<5 min)may be optimal.This suggests tailored PA recommendations may enhance longevity benefits.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)to YD(32171129)from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation to YC(2023M731112)from NSFC to RG(32260216)。
文摘Vertebrate neurons are highly dynamic cells that undergo several alterations in their functioning and physiologies in adaptation to various external stimuli.In particular,how these neurons respond to physical exercise has long been an area of active research.Studies of the vertebrate locomotor system’s adaptability suggest multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of neuronal activity and properties during exercise.In this brief review,we highlight recent results and insights from the field with a focus on the following mechanisms:(a)alterations in neuronal excitability during acute exercise;(b)alterations in neuronal excitability after chronic exercise;(c)exercise-induced changes in neuronal membrane properties via modulation of ion channel activity;(d)exercise-enhanced dendritic plasticity;and(e)exercise-induced alterations in neuronal gene expression and protein synthesis.Our hope is to update the community with a cellular and molecular understanding of the recent mechanisms underlying the adaptability of the vertebrate locomotor system in response to both acute and chronic physical exercise.
基金supported by the Erasmus+program of the European Union(567201-EPP-1-2015-2-IT-SPO-SCP)supported by the University of Alcala(FPI2016)。
文摘Purpose:To examine the effects of a school-based karate intervention on academic achievement,psychosocial functioning,and physical fitness in children aged 7-8 years.Methods:Twenty schools in 5 different European countries(2 second-grade classrooms per school)participated in a cluster randomized controlled trial(Sport at School trial).Participants were assigned to either a control group,which continued with their habitual physical education lessons,or to an intervention group,which replaced these lessons with a 1-year karate intervention(Karate Mind and Movement program).A total of 721 children(344 girls and 377 boys,7.4±0.5 years old,mean±SD)completed the study,of which 333 and 388 were assigned to the control group and intervention group,respectively.Outcomes included academic performance(average grade),psychosocial functioning(Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents),and different markers of physical fitness(cardiorespiratory fitness,balance,and flexibility).Results:The intervention provided small but significant benefits compared to the control group for academic achievement(d=0.16;p=0.003),conduct problems(d=-0.28;p=0.003),cardiorespiratory fitness(d=0.36;p<0.001),and balance(d=0.24;p=0.015).There was a trend towards significant benefits for flexibility(d=0.24;p=0.056).No significant benefits were observed for other variables,including psychosocial difficulties,emotional symptoms,hyperactivity/inattention,peer problems,or prosocial behaviour(all p>0.05).Conclusion:A 1-year school-based karate intervention was effective in improving academic achievement,conduct problems,and physical fitness in primary school children.The results support the inclusion of karate during physical education lessons.
基金supported by a PhD scholarship from Sao Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP(scholarship No.2018/17106-0)。
文摘Purpose:This study aimed to(a)investigate the proportion of overweight/obesity in a cohort of young adults with patellofemoral pain(PFP)and(b)explore the association of body mass index(BMI),body fat,and lean mass with functional capacity and hip and knee strength in people with PFP.Methods:We included a mixed-sex sample of young adults(18-35 years old)with PFP(n=100).Measurements for BMI,percentage of body fat,and lean mass(assessed by bioelectrical impedance)were obtained.Functional capacity was assessed by the Anterior Knee Pain Scale,plank test,and single-leg hop test.Strength of the knee extensors,knee flexors,and hip abductors was evaluated isometrically using an isokinetic dynamometer.The proportion of overweight/obesity was calculated based on BMI.The association between BMI,body fat,and lean mass and functional capacity and strength was investigated using partial correlations,followed by hierarchical regression analysis,adjusted for covariates(sex,bilateral pain,and current pain level).Results:A total of 38%of our cohort had their BMI categorized as overweight/obese.Higher BMI was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.06-0.12,p<0.001)and with knee flexion strength only(ΔR^(2)=0.04,p=0.030).Higher body fat was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.05-0.15,p≤0.015)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.15-0.23,p<0.001).Lower lean mass was associated with poor functional capacity(ΔR^(2)=0.04-0.13,p≤0.032)and reduced strength(ΔR^(2)=0.29-0.31,p<0.001).Conclusion:BMI,body fat,and lean mass should be considered in the assessment and management of young people with PFP because it may be detrimental to function and strength.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation(1933409)the China Scholarship Council+1 种基金a student research grant from the International Society of Biomechanics in Sportsthe Wyoming IDeA Networks for Biomedical Research Excellence,supported by the National Institutes of Health(P20GM103432)。
文摘Purpose:To determine the effect of unanticipated mid-flight medial-lateral external perturbation of the upper or lower trunk on anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)loading variable s during jump-landings.Methods:Thirty-two participants performed double-leg vertical jump-landings while bilateral kinematics and kinetics were collected under 6conditions(upper or lower trunk perturbation locations;no,left,or right perturbation directions).Two customized catapult apparatuses were created to apply pushing perturbation to participants near the maximal jump height.Results:The ball contacted participants near the center of mass for the lower-trunk conditions and approximately 23 cm above the center of mass for the upper-trunk conditions.Under upper-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg demonstrated significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and greater peak knee abduction angles,peak vertical ground reaction forces,peak knee extension moments,and peak knee adduction moments compared to other legs among all conditions.Under lower-trunk perturbation,the contralateral leg showed significantly smaller knee flexion angles at initial contact and increased peak vertical ground reaction forces and peak knee extension moments compared to legs in the no-perturbation conditions.Conclusion:Mid-flight external trunk pushing perturbation increased ACL loading variables for the leg contralateral to the perturbation.The uppertrunk perturbation resulted in greater changes in ACL loading variables compared to the lower-trunk perturbation,likely due to trunk and ipsilateral leg rotation and more laterally located center of mass relative to the contralateral leg.These findings may help us understand the mechanisms of indirect-contact ACL injuries and develop jump-landing training strategies under mid-flight trunk perturbation to better prevent ACL injury.
基金MJD is supported by a Career Development Fellowship(APP1141606)from the National Health and Medical Research Council.
文摘Purpose:To examine the joint associations between meeting guidelines for physical activity(PA)and sleep duration and all-cause mortality risk among adults.Methods:Participants were adults(n=282,473)aged 18-84 years who participated in the 2004-2014 U.S.National Health Interview Survey.Mortality status was ascertained using the National Death Index through December 2015.Self-reported PA(Active:meeting both aerobic(AER)and muscle-strengthening(MSA)guidelines,AER only(AER),MSA only(MSA),or not meeting either AER or MSA(Inactive))and sleep duration(Short,recommended(Rec),or Long)were classified according to guidelines,and 12 PA-sleep categories were derived.Adjusted hazard ratios and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs)for all-cause mortality risk were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results:A total of 282,473 participants(55%females)were included;18,793 deaths(6.7%)occurred over an average follow-up of 5.4 years.Relative to the Active-Rec group,all other PA-sleep groups were associated with increased mortality risk except for the Active-Short group(hazard ratio=1.08;95%CI:0.92-1.26).The combination of long sleep with either MSA or Inactive appeared to be synergistic.For a given sleep duration,mortality risk progressively increased among participants classified as AER,MSA,and Inactive.Within each activity level,the mortality risk was greatest among adults with long sleep.Conclusion:Relative to adults meeting guidelines for both PA and sleep duration,adults who failed to meet guidelines for both AER and muscle strengthening PA and who also failed to meet sleep duration guidelines had elevated all-cause mortality risks.These results support interventions targeting both PA and sleep duration to reduce mortality risk.
