Nettle is not only a nutrient-rich forage but also possesses the potential to act as a nutritional and physiological regulator.This study investigated the effects of supplementing nettle hay into the total mixed ratio...Nettle is not only a nutrient-rich forage but also possesses the potential to act as a nutritional and physiological regulator.This study investigated the effects of supplementing nettle hay into the total mixed rations(TMR)on milk yield,milk composition,antioxidant capacity,immune function,and plasma metabolome in dairy cows.Twenty multiparous Holstein cows with similar days in milk(102±8 d),milk production(39±3 kg/d),milk fat(3.78±0.55%),and milk protein(3.24±0.28%)were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments:a control group(AH group,n=10)receiving a TMR with 10.5%alfalfa hay and a nettle group(NH group,n=10)receiving a TMR with 10.5%nettle hay.The experiment lasted for 80 d,including a 20 d pre-feeding period.Milk yield and overall composition remained consistent across the groups.However,the NH group exhibited a significant decrease in milk aspartic acid(P=0.025)and a concomitant increase in arginine(P=0.031).Nettle supplementation significantly reduced blood aspartate aminotransferase levels(P=0.005)and improved antioxidant status,as evidenced by a higher total antioxidant capacity(P=0.039)and total superoxide dismutase activity(P=0.016),along with lower malondialdehyde(P=0.018).The metabolome analysis identified 1143 differential metabolites using the positive ionization mode and 1253 differential metabolites using the negative ionization mode.KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of differential metabolites in arachidonic acid,linoleic acid,and amino acid metabolism pathways.Lysophosphatidylcholines and enterolactone displayed a significant negative correlation with blood aspartate aminotransferase levels(r<−0.5,P<0.05)and interleukin-6 levels(r<−0.5,P<0.05).In conclusion,nettle supplementation significantly influenced the immune and antioxidant capacities of dairy cows by altering the blood metabolome profile.Lysophosphatidylcholines and enterolactone are proposed as potential biomarkers for evaluating the physiological and immune effects of nettle supplementation.Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and optimize the feeding regimen for optimal outcomes.展开更多
Recent research has demonstrated that rumen-protected taurine supplementation improves body protein turnover,apparent nitrogen retention(ANR)and nitrogen(N)utilization efficiency(NUE)in beef steers.To further elucidat...Recent research has demonstrated that rumen-protected taurine supplementation improves body protein turnover,apparent nitrogen retention(ANR)and nitrogen(N)utilization efficiency(NUE)in beef steers.To further elucidate taurine's role in N metabolism,it is essential to examine whether taurine depletion adversely affects ANR and NUE.Six beef steers(bodyweight 391±10 kg)were allocated in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design.Each experimental period was 20 d,including 15 d for adaptation and 5 d for sampling.Three levels of rumen-protectedβ-alanine(RPβA,a taurine inhibitor),i.e.,0,17.5,and 35 g/d,were added to the basal diet as dietary treatments.The results showed that RPβA supplementations at 17.5 and 35 g/d linearly decreased the plasma taurine concentrationby 12.54%and 22.54%(P=0.026),and the urinary taurine excretion by 15.78%and 21.05%(P<0.001),respectively,while linearly increased ANR(P<0.001)and NUE(P<0.001)in steers.Rumen-protectedβ-alanine supplementation linearly increased the plasma concentrations of methionine(Met,P<0.001),lysine(Lys,P=0.018),threonine(Thr,P=0.011),leucine(Leu,P=0.042)and histidine(His,P=0.061),as well as growth hormone(P<0.001),insulin-like growth factor-1(P<0.001),and the total antioxidant capacity(P<0.001).Rumen-protectedβ-alanine supplementation tended to decrease the skeletal muscle protein degradation rate(P=0.055).Specifically,supplementation with 35 g/d RPβA upregulated the plasma amino acid derivatives and oligopeptides,including N-linoleoyl-histidine(P<0.001),L-Met(P<0.001),L-4-chlorotryptophan(P=0.006),L-Thr(P=0.022),L-Lys(P=0.026),L-carnitine(P=0.038),suberic acid(P=0.036),formyllysine(P=0.036),N-acetyltyrosine(P=0.042),histidylglycine(P=0.045),and N-formyl-L-glutamic acid(P=0.047).Supplementation with 35 g/d RPβA also altered the muscle cell mRNA expression,upregulated hub genes(GADPH,PFKM,TPII,PGK1,and PKM)and modified arginine-proline metabolism and the AMPK signaling pathway in beef steers.In conclusion,RPβA supplementation effectively reduced the plasma taurine concentrations and improved the ANR and NUE in steers.These effects were mediated by modulation of plasma amino acid profiles and metabolomic pathways,which appear to counteract the negative impacts of taurine depletion on N metabolism.展开更多
Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), an important fungal toxin, exists mainly in plant feed ingredients and animals consuming feed contaminated with AFB1 will have reduced growth and impaired health condition mainly due to oxidative s...Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), an important fungal toxin, exists mainly in plant feed ingredients and animals consuming feed contaminated with AFB1 will have reduced growth and impaired health condition mainly due to oxidative stress and reduced immunity. Our previous study found that AFB1 caused oxidative damage and inhibited muscle development of zebrafish. 4-Methylesculetin(4-ME), a coumarin derivative, is now used in biochemistry and medicine widely because of its antioxidant function.Whether 4-ME could alleviate the inhibition of muscle development in grass carp induced by AFB1 has not been reported. In this experiment, 720 healthy grass carp(11.40 ± 0.01 g) were randomly divided into4 groups with 3 replicates of 60 fish each, including control group, AFB1 group(60 μg/kg diet AFB1), 4-ME group(10 mg/kg diet 4-ME), and AFB1+4-ME group(60 μg/kg diet AFB1 + 10 mg/kg 4-ME diet), for a60-d growth experiment. In vitro, we also set up 4 treatment groups for grass carp primary myoblast,including control group, AFB1 group(15 μmol/L AFB1), 4-ME group(0.5 μmol/L 4-ME) and AFB1+4-ME group(15 μmol/L AFB1+0.5 μmol/L 4-ME). The results showed that dietary AFB1 decreased growth performance of grass carp, damaged the ultrastructure and induced oxidative damage in grass carp muscle, and significantly decreased the m RNA and protein expression levels of myogenin(Myo G),myogenic differentiation(Myo D), myosin heavy chain(MYHC), as well as the protein expression levels of laminin β1, fibronectin and collagen I(P < 0.05), significantly activated the protein expression levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator(u PA), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and phosphorylate-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) both in grass carp muscle and grass carp primary myoblast(P < 0.05). Supplementation of AFB1 with 4-ME significantly improved the growth performance inhibition and alleviated the muscle fiber development inhibition and extracellular matrix(ECM) degradation in grass carp induced by AFB1(P < 0.05). The present results revealed that supplementation of AFB1 contaminated feed with 4-ME reduced the inhibition of growth and muscle development by alleviating AFB1-induced ECM degradation in grass carp,which might be related to the p38 MAPK/u PA/MMP/ECM pathway. The results implied that 4-ME could be used as a valuable mycotoxin scavenger in animal feed.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the application of cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)in Chinese mitten crabs(Eriocheir sinensis).First,the apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC)of CPC,fish meal and soybean meal were...This study aimed to investigate the application of cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)in Chinese mitten crabs(Eriocheir sinensis).First,the apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC)of CPC,fish meal and soybean meal were compared in crabs(21.72±0.33 g).The protein ADC of CPC was 90.42%,which was signifi-cantly higher than that of soybean meal(83.16%)(P<0.05).The ADC of Phe,Cys and Glu of CPC were significantly higher than those of fish meal,while the ADC of Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Thr and Ala of CPC were significantly lower(P<0.05).Second,we investigated the effects of fish meal substitution by CPC on growth performance,free amino acid profile,and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism in crabs.Six diets were formulated by replacing 0%,15%,30%,45%,60%and 75%fish meal with CPC,namely FM,CPC15,CPC30,CPC45,CPC60,and CPC75.A total of 630 crabs(1.68±0.00 g)were randomly divided into 18 tanks(3 tanks per group)and fed 3 times daily for 9 weeks.Results showed that CPC75 group significantly reduced growth performance,feed conversion efficiency,and free Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,and Thr contents in muscle(P<0.05).The contents of free amino acids(Arg,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Phe,Thr,Val,Ala,Cys,Glu,Gly,Ser and Tyr)in hepatopancreas decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CPC level(P<0.05).The substitution of more than 45%fish meal with CPC significantly decreased the concen-tration of delicious amino acids(Ala,Glu and Gly)in hepatopancreas(P<0.05),which might adversely affect crab flavor.The expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity,protein transport,TOR pathway and lipid metabolism was significantly downregulated by increasing dietary CPC level(P<0.05).In conclusion,based on the quadratic regression analysis of FCR and PER,the optimal replacement levels of fish meal with CPC in crab diet containing 35%fish meal were 32.36%and 35.38%,respectively.It is recommended that Ile,Leu and Thr be supplemented in addition to Met and Lys in the application of CPC.展开更多
For the agroecosystems of the dairy cow industry,dietary carbohydrate(starch,neutral detergent fiber[NDF])and fat could directly affect rumen methane emissions and host energy utilization.However,the relationships amo...For the agroecosystems of the dairy cow industry,dietary carbohydrate(starch,neutral detergent fiber[NDF])and fat could directly affect rumen methane emissions and host energy utilization.However,the relationships among diet,lactation performance,and methane emissions need to be further determined to assist dairy farms to adjust diet formulations and feeding strategies for environmental and production management.A meta-analysis was conducted in the current study to explore quantitative patterns of dietary fat and carbohydrate at different levels in balancing lactation performance and environment sustainability of dairy cows,and to establish a methane emission prediction model using the artificial neural network(ANN)model.The results showed that the regression relationship between dietary fat,carbohydrate and methane emissions could be shown by the following models:methane=106.78+(14.86 × DMI),R2=0.80;methane=443.17-(46.41 × starch/NDF),R2=0.76;and methane=388.91+(31.40 × fat)-(5.42 × fat2),R2=0.80.The regression relationships between dietary fat,carbohydrate and lactation performance could be shown by the following models:milk fat yield=1.08+(0.43 × starch/NDF)-[0.34 ×(starch/NDF)2],R2=0.79;milk protein yield=0.68+(0.15 × fat)-(0.016 × fat2),R2=0.82.In the structural equation model,we found that when formulating dietary carbohydrates and fats,it was necessary to balance the relationship between methane emissions and lactation performance.Specifically,dietary starch/NDF was lower than 0.63(extremum point)and dietary fat was between 2.89%and 4.69%(extremum point),it could ensure that the aim of methane emission reduction(methane emissions decrease with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat)was achieved without losing lactation performance of dairy cows(lactation performance increase with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat).Finally,we established the ANN model to predict methane emissions(training set:R2=0.62;validation set:R2=0.61).展开更多
This experiment was to evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate(SB)addition on milk production,ruminal fermentation,nutrient digestion,and the development and metabolism regulation of the mammary gland in dairy cows....This experiment was to evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate(SB)addition on milk production,ruminal fermentation,nutrient digestion,and the development and metabolism regulation of the mammary gland in dairy cows.Forty Holstein dairy cows averaging 710±18.5 kg body weight,72.8±3.66 d in milk(DIM),and 41.4±1.42 kg/d milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk production.Treatments were control group,low SB,medium SB,and high SB with 0,100,200 and 300 g/d of SB addition per cow,respectively.The study lasted for 105 d.Production of milk,milk protein and lactose quadratically increased(P<0.05),while fat-corrected milk,energycorrected milk and milk fat yields linearly increased(P<0.05)with increasing SB addition.The digestibility of dietary dry matter,organic matter,and crude protein linearly increased(P<0.05),whereas the digestibility of ether extract,neutral detergent fibre,and acid detergent fibre quadratically increased(P<0.05).Ruminal pH quadratically decreased(P=0.04),while total volatile fatty acids(VFA)quadratically increased(P=0.03)with increasing SB addition.The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio increased(P=0.03)linearly due to the unaltered acetic acid molar percentage and a linear decrease in propionic acid molar percentage.Ruminal enzymatic activity of carboxymethyl-cellulase and a-amylase,populations of total bacteria,total anaerobic fungi,total protozoa,Ruminococcus albus,R.flavefaciens,Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens,Fibrobacter succinogenes,and Ruminobacter amylophilus linearly increased(P<0.05).Blood glucose,urea nitrogen,and non-esterified fatty acids linearly decreased(P<0.05),while total protein concentration linearly increased(P=0.04).Moreover,the addition of SB at 200 g/d promoted(P<0.05)mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ,SREBF1,ACACA,FASN,SCD,CCNA2,CCND1,PCNA,Bcl-2,GPR41,and the ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR,but decreased(P<0.05)mRNA and protein expressions of Bax,caspase-3,and caspase-9.The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased with SB addition by stimulating rumen fermentation,nutrient digestion,gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.展开更多
Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and poly-saccharides,which consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.They have the effects of promoting growth,regula...Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and poly-saccharides,which consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.They have the effects of promoting growth,regulating immunity,improving the structure of intestinal flora,and are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.With the comprehensive implementation of the antibiotic prohibition policy in China,oligosaccharides as new green feed additive have been paid more attention.Oligosac-charides can be divided into the following 2 categories according to their digestive characteristics:one is easy to be absorbed by the intestine,called common oligosaccharides,such as sucrose and maltose oligosaccharide;the other is difficult to be absorbed by the intestine and has special physiological functions,called functional oligosaccharides.The common functional oligosaccharides include mannan oligosaccharides(MOS),fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS),chitosan oligosaccharides(COS),xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS)and so on.In this paper,we review the types and sources of functional oligo-saccharides,their application in pig nutrition,and the factors limiting their efficacy in recent years.This review provides the theoretical basis for further research of functional oligosaccharides,and the future application of alternative antibiotics in pig industry.展开更多
The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum ca...The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.展开更多
This study aimed to assess the changes of small intestinal morphology,progenitors,differentiated epithelial cells,and potential mechanisms in neonatal piglets.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of samples from 36 piglets ...This study aimed to assess the changes of small intestinal morphology,progenitors,differentiated epithelial cells,and potential mechanisms in neonatal piglets.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of samples from 36 piglets suggested that dramatic changes were observed in the jejunum crypts depth and crypt fission index of neonatal piglets(P<0.001).The number of intestinal stem cells(ISC)tended to increase(P<0.10),and a decreased number of enteroendocrine cells appeared in the jejunal crypt on d 7(P<0.05).Furthermore,the mRNA expression of jejunal chromogranin A(ChgA)was down-regulated in d 7 piglets(P<0.05).There was an up-regulation of the adult ISC marker gene of SPARC related modular calcium binding 2(Smoc2),and Wnt/b-catenin target genes on d 7(P<0.05).These results were further verified in vitro enteroid culture experiments.A mass of hollow spheroids was cultured from the fetal intestine of 0-d-old piglets(P<0.001),whereas substantial organoids with budding and branching structures were cultured from the intestine of 7-d-old piglets(P<0.001).The difference was reflected by the organoid budding efficiency,crypt domains per organoid,and the surface area of the organoid.Furthermore,spheroids on d 0 had more Ki67-positive cells and enteroendocrine cells(P<0.05)and showed a decreasing trend in the ISC and goblet cells(P<0.10).Moreover,the mRNA expression of spheroids differed markedly from that of organoids,with low expression of intestinal differentiation gene(Lysozyme;P<0.05),epithelial-specific markers(Villin,E-cadherin;P<0.05),and adult ISC markers(leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5[Lgr5],Smoc2;P<0.001),and upregulation of fetal marker(connexin 43[Cnx43];P<0.05).The mRNA expression of relevant genes was up-regulated,and involved in Wnt/b-catenin,epidermal growth factor(EGF),Notch,and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)signaling on d 7 organoids(P<0.05).Spheroids displayed low differentiated phenotype and high proliferation,while organoids exhibited strong differentiation potential.These results indicated that the conversion from the fetal progenitors(spheroids)to adult ISC(normal organoids)might largely be responsible for the fast development of intestinal epithelial cells in neonatal piglets.展开更多
Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial.Among many additives,organic acids(OA)and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era.The current study evaluated the potentials...Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial.Among many additives,organic acids(OA)and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era.The current study evaluated the potentials of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)blends and/or phenolic compounds on intestinal integrity,intestinal pH,caecal microbiota,and caecal SCFA profiles of broilers under necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.The additives used were:(A)a blend of SCFA,MCFA,and a phenolic compound(SMP),(B)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA(SMF),and(C)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA(SHM).A total of 1,404 male parental chicks of Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 78 floor pens on hatching day with 6 treatments replicated 13 times with 18 birds per pen.The treatments were:UCC,unchallenged control;CHC,challenged control;BAC,challenged group plus zinc bacitracin;SMP,challenged group plus additive SMP;SMF,challenged group plus additive SMF;SHM,challenged group plus additive SHM.Birds were challenged with field-strain Eimeria spp.on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14.Birds challenged with NE increased fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d)concentration in serum,reduced acetate and butyrate concentrations,and increased Bacteroides and C.perfringens load in the caeca(P<0.05).Birds fed additives decreased FITC-d from gut to serum,reduced Bacteroides(d 16,P<0.05)and numerically reduced C.perfringens load compared to CHC group.Birds fed additive SHM had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate(d 21,P<0.05)than CHC group but were not different from SMP and SMF groups.All the additives exhibited similar intestinal protection against NE compared to the BAC group indicated by FITC-d concentration in serum,acetate,propionate and butyrate concentrations in the caeca,and caecal bacterial loads except for the C.perfringens(P>0.05).The SMP group had a higher load compared to BAC(P<0.05).These findings suggest the promising effects of OA blends as alternatives to BAC to ameliorate the impact of NE challenge of broilers as indicated by improved intestinal health.展开更多
This study applied in vivo and in vitro methods to investigate the effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)on lipid metabolism,inflammation and apoptosis related-gene expression in visceral adipose tissue and isola...This study applied in vivo and in vitro methods to investigate the effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)on lipid metabolism,inflammation and apoptosis related-gene expression in visceral adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes of Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus).A basal diet and a test diet supplemented with 720 mg/kg NCG were fed to the fish for 10 weeks.During the growth trial,no mortality and no significant differences in growth performance were observed in fish between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Plasma Arg content and mRNA level of argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS)in adipose tissue were significantly increased,which indicated that NCG inclusion promoted endogenous Arg synthesis.Thereafter,the potential effects of NCG treatment on lipid metabolism-related genes expression were studied through in vivo and in vitro methods.In the present study,we successfully established a primary adipocytes culture system and isolated pre-adipocytes in vitro of Japanese seabass for the first time.Both the results in vivo and in vitro showed that NCG treatment decreased the mRNA levels of genes related to adipogenesis(fatty acid synthase,FASN),cholesterol synthesis(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,HMGCR)and fat deposition(lipoprotein lipase[LPL]and leptin),which revealed the underlying mechanism of NCG on reducing fat deposition.The results of this study demonstrated that NCG inclusion reduced the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis cytokines markedly in vivo and in vitro.In conclusion,NCG did exert beneficial effects on ameliorating adipo-genesis,inflammation and apoptosis via promoting Arg endogenous synthesis in Japanese seabass.展开更多
This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviation of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture as zearalenone(ZEA)biodegradation agent on oxidative stress,cell apoptosis and fecal ZEA residue in the first parity gestation ...This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviation of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture as zearalenone(ZEA)biodegradation agent on oxidative stress,cell apoptosis and fecal ZEA residue in the first parity gestation sows during the gestation.A total of 80 first-parity gilts(Yorkshire×Landrace)were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 20 replications per treatment and one gilt per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:CO(positive control);MO(negative control,ZEA level at 246μg/kg diet);COA(CO+B.subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2×10^9 CFU/kg diet);MOA(MO+ZEA level at 260μg/kg diet+B.subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2×10^9 CFU/kg diet).The experiment lasted for the whole gestation period of sows.Results showed that feeding the diet naturally contaminated with low-dose ZEA caused an increase of cell apoptosis in organ and the residual ZEA in feces as well as a decrease of antioxidant function in serum.The addition of B.subtilis ANSB01G culture in the diets can effectively alleviate the status of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by ZEA in diets of gestation sows,as well as decrease the content of residual ZEA in feces.展开更多
Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews inc...Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews including, but not limited to, fundamental aspects of animal nutrition such as nutritional requirements, metabolic studies, body composition, energetics, immunology, neuroscience, microbiology, genetics and molecular and cell biology related to nutrition, and more applied aspects of animal nutrition, such as raw material evaluation, feed additives, nutritive value of novel ingredients and feed safety.展开更多
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism of broiler chicks fed 8 different wheat samples, supplemented or not with xylanase. Seven-hundred sixty eight male broi...The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism of broiler chicks fed 8 different wheat samples, supplemented or not with xylanase. Seven-hundred sixty eight male broilers(1-day-old) were distributed to 16 experimental treatments(6 replicates per treatment). The treatments were in a factorial arrangement with 8 different wheats and 2 levels of xylanase(0 or 16,000 BXU/kg). The predicted apparent metabolisable energy(AME) of the wheat samples ranged from 13.0 to 13.9 MJ/kg and all diets were formulated to contain the same amount of wheat. Body weight gain(BWG) and feed intake(FI) were measured at 21 d, as was jejunal digesta viscosity, and feed conversion ratio(FCR) calculated. On day 24, one representative bird per pen was selected to calculate whole body energetics. At 21 d, 3 chicks per replicate were randomly allocated to metabolism cages for energy and nutrient utilisation determinations, and were continued on the experimental diets until 24-d-old. No interactions were observed for any performance response variables, ileal nutrient utilisation or digesta viscosity. Xylanase improved BWG and reduced FCR and digesta viscosity(P < 0.05). Wheat influenced dry matter(DM) utilisation and xylanase increased ileal digestible energy(P = 0.04). Xylanase also improved(P < 0.05) DM and nitrogen retention. Apparent metabolisable energy and AME corrected for nitrogen(AMEn) were subject to an interaction whereby wheats 2 and 6, which returned the lowest AME and AMEn values, responded to xylanase supplementation and the remainder did not. Net energy for production and the efficiency of energy use for production were not influenced by xylanase, but were affected by wheat(P < 0.05). Despite the significant differences between wheats with regards to their nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism in birds, xylanase removed this variance and resulted in more homogeneous performance.展开更多
Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology.Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews incl...Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology.Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews including,but not limited to,fundamental aspects of animal nutrition such as nutritional requirements,metabolic studies,body composition,energetics,immunology,neuroscience,microbiology,genetics and molecular and cell biology related to nutrition,and more applied aspects of animal nutrition,such as raw展开更多
The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with rumenprotected taurine(RPT)on the whole-body protein turnover,the plasma metabolomics,and the whole blood cell transcriptom...The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with rumenprotected taurine(RPT)on the whole-body protein turnover,the plasma metabolomics,and the whole blood cell transcriptomics in steers.Eight steers,averaging 220±3.26 kg of liveweight,were allocated in a replicate 4×4 Latin square design.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of RPT supplementation:0,25,50,and 75 g RPT per day,added to a basal diet.The results showed that supplementation with RPT linearly decreased the fecal nitrogen(N)excretion(P=0.001)and the 15N fractional recovery rate(P=0.047),while it linearly increased the urinary excretion of taurine(P=0.045)as well as the average daily weight gain(P=0.003),the protein synthesis(P<0.001),the protein degradation(P<0.001)and the whole-body protein turnover(P<0.001).Supplementation with RPT linearly increased the plasma concentrations of growth hormone(P=0.005)and quadratically affected the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1(P=0.013),and it linearly decreased the plasma concentration of albumin(P=0.022).Supplementation with RPT altered the whole blood cell mRNA expression and upregulated the expressions of the marker genes,including RPS6KB1,PRSS42,COL1A2,ENSBTAG00000013055 and ENSBTAG00000038159 which are related to protein metabolism.The plasma metabolomics profiling indicated that supplementation with RPT upregulated the plasma concentrations of taurine,lysine and methionine.The experiment revealed the impact and the mechanisms of taurine on driving whole-body protein turnover and protein accretion in steers.Two novel marker genes which could be related to body protein degradation in steers were identified.展开更多
Optimizing nitrogen utilization efficiency and mitigating nitrogen losses in cows plays a pivotal role in fostering economic sustainability within contemporary agricultural systems.Biochanin A(BCA),a natural component...Optimizing nitrogen utilization efficiency and mitigating nitrogen losses in cows plays a pivotal role in fostering economic sustainability within contemporary agricultural systems.Biochanin A(BCA),a natural component in red clover,has the potential to improve nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.The primary objective of this study was to probe the impact of biochanin A supplementation on lactational performance,nitrogen metabolism,and blood metabolites in dairy cows.A complete randomized block design experiment was conducted over 28 d,involving 36 multiparous Holstein cows(comparable milk yield=37.1±2.90 kg,BW=642±70.0 kg,days in milk=92±8.0 d,and parity=2.4±0.50),which were allocated to three treatment groups:the Control group(with 0 g/d BCA),the Low group(with 10 g/d per cow BCA),and the High group(with 40 g/d per cow BCA).Biochanin A supplementation improved the lactational performance of cows by increasing milk yield by 6.3%(P=0.007)and feed efficiency by 12.7%(P=0.009).Total intestinal apparent digestibility was unaffected by BCA supplementation(P>0.05),but microbial nitrogen was increased by 30.0%(P=0.002)for promoting nitrogen utilization efficiency by 20.7%(P=0.004).Milk competent yields(protein,lactose,and non-fat milk solid)were increased with increasing BCA supplementation(P 0.05).BCA did not affect body health of dairy cows.Additionally,none of the plasma endocrine hormones were affected(P>0.05).A total of 95 significantly different metabolites were screened from the plasma metabolites of cows in the BCA-added and non-added groups.After performing an enrichment analysis of the metabolic pathways associated with the different metabolites,six specific pathways were identified:bile acid biosynthesis,aspartate metabolism,pyrimidine metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,the urea cycle,and ammonia recycling.The inclusion of BCA is suggested to enhance milk yield and modulate nitrogen metabolism by influencing relevant metabolites within the metabolic pathways.展开更多
This experiment aimed to study the effects of supplemental methionine sources,2-hydroxy-4 methyl(thio)butanoic acid(HMTBa)and DL-Methionine(DL-Met),on productive performance,egg quality,and redox status of laying duck...This experiment aimed to study the effects of supplemental methionine sources,2-hydroxy-4 methyl(thio)butanoic acid(HMTBa)and DL-Methionine(DL-Met),on productive performance,egg quality,and redox status of laying ducks.A total of 792 healthy 25-wk-old Longyan laying ducks with similar body weights were randomly allotted to 11 treatment groups.Each treatment group had 6 replicates of 12 ducks.The trial lasted for 16 wk.Ducks were fed a basal deficient diet(Met:0.24%;Met+Cys:0.51%)or supplemented with DL-Met or HMTBa at 0.05%,0.12%,0.19%,0.26%,and 0.33%of diet,respectively.Compared with the basal diet,supplementation with either DL-Met or HMTBa increased the average egg weight,egg mass,and decreased feed to egg ratio during the whole trial period(P<0.05).Albumen weight and its ratio to total egg weight were increased,but yolk and shell ratio,albumen height,Haugh unit and shell breaking strength were decreased(P<0.05).Dietary DL-Met or HMTBa supplementation increased taurine,methionine,leucine,tryptophan and arginine content,and decreased serine and lysine content in plasma(P<0.05).The redox status of laying ducks was improved by enhancing the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities,glutathione content and its ratio relative to glutathione(oxidized)content and decreasing malondialdehyde content and increasing mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase-1,glutathione peroxidase-1,hemeoxygenase-1 and nuclear factor-like 2 in liver and ileum with the supplementation of DL-Met or HMTBa(P<0.05).Liver health status measured by average area proportion lipid droplet was improved with supplementation of DL-Met or HMTBa(P<0.05).Villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum and the ileal gene expression of tight junction protein and occludin were increased with DL-Met or HMTBa supplementation(P<0.05).Taken together,these results suggested that the efficacy of dietary supplementation of HMTBa was similar to DL-Met,and it ranged from 98%to 100%for productive performance and egg albumen ratio in laying ducks(25 to 41 wk).展开更多
Tryptophan(Trp)is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals.It has been characterized into two different isomers,levorotation-Trp(L-Trp)and dextrorotation-Trp(D-Trp),based on their distinct molecul...Tryptophan(Trp)is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals.It has been characterized into two different isomers,levorotation-Trp(L-Trp)and dextrorotation-Trp(D-Trp),based on their distinct molecule orientation.Intestinal epithelial cells and gut microbiota are involved in metabolizing L-Trp in the gut via the activation of the kynurenine,serotonin,and indole pathways.However,knowledge regarding D-Trp metabolism in the gut remains unclear.In this review,we briefly update the current understanding of intestinal L/D-Trp metabolism and the function of their metabolites in modulating the gut physiology and diseases.Finally,we summarize the effects of Trp nutrition on swine production at different stages,including growth performance in weaned piglets and growing pigs,as well as the reproduction performance in sows.展开更多
Since the aquaculture industry is currently observing a deterioration in the flesh quality of farmed fish,the use of nutrients as additives to improve the flesh quality of farmed fish species is a viable strategy.The ...Since the aquaculture industry is currently observing a deterioration in the flesh quality of farmed fish,the use of nutrients as additives to improve the flesh quality of farmed fish species is a viable strategy.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary D-ribose(RI)on the nutritional value,texture and flavour of gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio).Four diets were formulated containing exogenous RI at 4 gradient levels:0(Control),0.15%(0.15RI),0.30%(0.30RI)and 0.45%(0.45RI).A total of 240 fish(150±0.31 g)were randomly distributed into 12 fibreglass tanks(150 L per tank).Triplicate tanks were randomly assigned to each diet.The feeding trial was carried out in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 60 d.After the feeding trial,the muscle and liver of gibel carp were analysed.The results showed that RI supplementation did not result in any negative impact on the growth performance and 0.30RI supplementation significantly increased the whole-body protein content compared to the control group.The contents of collagen and glycogen in muscle were enhanced by RI supplementation.The alterations in the flesh indicated that RI supplementation improved the texture of the flesh in terms of its water-holding capacity and hardness,therefore improving the taste.Dietary RI facilitated the deposition of amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle that contributed to the meaty taste and nutritional value.Furthermore,a combination of metabolomics and expression of key genes in liver and muscle revealed that 0.30RI activated the purine metabolism pathways by supplementing the substrate for nucleotide synthesis and thereby promoting the deposition of flavour substance in flesh.This study offers a new approach for providing healthy,nutritious and flavourful aquatic products.展开更多
基金Funding for this study was provided by the Joint Project of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(No.2024LHMS03044)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund,Hohhot,China(No.1610332022002).
文摘Nettle is not only a nutrient-rich forage but also possesses the potential to act as a nutritional and physiological regulator.This study investigated the effects of supplementing nettle hay into the total mixed rations(TMR)on milk yield,milk composition,antioxidant capacity,immune function,and plasma metabolome in dairy cows.Twenty multiparous Holstein cows with similar days in milk(102±8 d),milk production(39±3 kg/d),milk fat(3.78±0.55%),and milk protein(3.24±0.28%)were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments:a control group(AH group,n=10)receiving a TMR with 10.5%alfalfa hay and a nettle group(NH group,n=10)receiving a TMR with 10.5%nettle hay.The experiment lasted for 80 d,including a 20 d pre-feeding period.Milk yield and overall composition remained consistent across the groups.However,the NH group exhibited a significant decrease in milk aspartic acid(P=0.025)and a concomitant increase in arginine(P=0.031).Nettle supplementation significantly reduced blood aspartate aminotransferase levels(P=0.005)and improved antioxidant status,as evidenced by a higher total antioxidant capacity(P=0.039)and total superoxide dismutase activity(P=0.016),along with lower malondialdehyde(P=0.018).The metabolome analysis identified 1143 differential metabolites using the positive ionization mode and 1253 differential metabolites using the negative ionization mode.KEGG analysis revealed significant enrichment of differential metabolites in arachidonic acid,linoleic acid,and amino acid metabolism pathways.Lysophosphatidylcholines and enterolactone displayed a significant negative correlation with blood aspartate aminotransferase levels(r<−0.5,P<0.05)and interleukin-6 levels(r<−0.5,P<0.05).In conclusion,nettle supplementation significantly influenced the immune and antioxidant capacities of dairy cows by altering the blood metabolome profile.Lysophosphatidylcholines and enterolactone are proposed as potential biomarkers for evaluating the physiological and immune effects of nettle supplementation.Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and optimize the feeding regimen for optimal outcomes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.32172748).
文摘Recent research has demonstrated that rumen-protected taurine supplementation improves body protein turnover,apparent nitrogen retention(ANR)and nitrogen(N)utilization efficiency(NUE)in beef steers.To further elucidate taurine's role in N metabolism,it is essential to examine whether taurine depletion adversely affects ANR and NUE.Six beef steers(bodyweight 391±10 kg)were allocated in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design.Each experimental period was 20 d,including 15 d for adaptation and 5 d for sampling.Three levels of rumen-protectedβ-alanine(RPβA,a taurine inhibitor),i.e.,0,17.5,and 35 g/d,were added to the basal diet as dietary treatments.The results showed that RPβA supplementations at 17.5 and 35 g/d linearly decreased the plasma taurine concentrationby 12.54%and 22.54%(P=0.026),and the urinary taurine excretion by 15.78%and 21.05%(P<0.001),respectively,while linearly increased ANR(P<0.001)and NUE(P<0.001)in steers.Rumen-protectedβ-alanine supplementation linearly increased the plasma concentrations of methionine(Met,P<0.001),lysine(Lys,P=0.018),threonine(Thr,P=0.011),leucine(Leu,P=0.042)and histidine(His,P=0.061),as well as growth hormone(P<0.001),insulin-like growth factor-1(P<0.001),and the total antioxidant capacity(P<0.001).Rumen-protectedβ-alanine supplementation tended to decrease the skeletal muscle protein degradation rate(P=0.055).Specifically,supplementation with 35 g/d RPβA upregulated the plasma amino acid derivatives and oligopeptides,including N-linoleoyl-histidine(P<0.001),L-Met(P<0.001),L-4-chlorotryptophan(P=0.006),L-Thr(P=0.022),L-Lys(P=0.026),L-carnitine(P=0.038),suberic acid(P=0.036),formyllysine(P=0.036),N-acetyltyrosine(P=0.042),histidylglycine(P=0.045),and N-formyl-L-glutamic acid(P=0.047).Supplementation with 35 g/d RPβA also altered the muscle cell mRNA expression,upregulated hub genes(GADPH,PFKM,TPII,PGK1,and PKM)and modified arginine-proline metabolism and the AMPK signaling pathway in beef steers.In conclusion,RPβA supplementation effectively reduced the plasma taurine concentrations and improved the ANR and NUE in steers.These effects were mediated by modulation of plasma amino acid profiles and metabolomic pathways,which appear to counteract the negative impacts of taurine depletion on N metabolism.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD0900200)。
文摘Aflatoxin B1(AFB1), an important fungal toxin, exists mainly in plant feed ingredients and animals consuming feed contaminated with AFB1 will have reduced growth and impaired health condition mainly due to oxidative stress and reduced immunity. Our previous study found that AFB1 caused oxidative damage and inhibited muscle development of zebrafish. 4-Methylesculetin(4-ME), a coumarin derivative, is now used in biochemistry and medicine widely because of its antioxidant function.Whether 4-ME could alleviate the inhibition of muscle development in grass carp induced by AFB1 has not been reported. In this experiment, 720 healthy grass carp(11.40 ± 0.01 g) were randomly divided into4 groups with 3 replicates of 60 fish each, including control group, AFB1 group(60 μg/kg diet AFB1), 4-ME group(10 mg/kg diet 4-ME), and AFB1+4-ME group(60 μg/kg diet AFB1 + 10 mg/kg 4-ME diet), for a60-d growth experiment. In vitro, we also set up 4 treatment groups for grass carp primary myoblast,including control group, AFB1 group(15 μmol/L AFB1), 4-ME group(0.5 μmol/L 4-ME) and AFB1+4-ME group(15 μmol/L AFB1+0.5 μmol/L 4-ME). The results showed that dietary AFB1 decreased growth performance of grass carp, damaged the ultrastructure and induced oxidative damage in grass carp muscle, and significantly decreased the m RNA and protein expression levels of myogenin(Myo G),myogenic differentiation(Myo D), myosin heavy chain(MYHC), as well as the protein expression levels of laminin β1, fibronectin and collagen I(P < 0.05), significantly activated the protein expression levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator(u PA), matrix metalloproteinase-2(MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) and phosphorylate-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38 MAPK) both in grass carp muscle and grass carp primary myoblast(P < 0.05). Supplementation of AFB1 with 4-ME significantly improved the growth performance inhibition and alleviated the muscle fiber development inhibition and extracellular matrix(ECM) degradation in grass carp induced by AFB1(P < 0.05). The present results revealed that supplementation of AFB1 contaminated feed with 4-ME reduced the inhibition of growth and muscle development by alleviating AFB1-induced ECM degradation in grass carp,which might be related to the p38 MAPK/u PA/MMP/ECM pathway. The results implied that 4-ME could be used as a valuable mycotoxin scavenger in animal feed.
基金funded by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900400)Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(2023E04J1247).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the application of cottonseed protein concentrate(CPC)in Chinese mitten crabs(Eriocheir sinensis).First,the apparent digestibility coefficient(ADC)of CPC,fish meal and soybean meal were compared in crabs(21.72±0.33 g).The protein ADC of CPC was 90.42%,which was signifi-cantly higher than that of soybean meal(83.16%)(P<0.05).The ADC of Phe,Cys and Glu of CPC were significantly higher than those of fish meal,while the ADC of Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Thr and Ala of CPC were significantly lower(P<0.05).Second,we investigated the effects of fish meal substitution by CPC on growth performance,free amino acid profile,and expression of genes related to nutrient metabolism in crabs.Six diets were formulated by replacing 0%,15%,30%,45%,60%and 75%fish meal with CPC,namely FM,CPC15,CPC30,CPC45,CPC60,and CPC75.A total of 630 crabs(1.68±0.00 g)were randomly divided into 18 tanks(3 tanks per group)and fed 3 times daily for 9 weeks.Results showed that CPC75 group significantly reduced growth performance,feed conversion efficiency,and free Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,and Thr contents in muscle(P<0.05).The contents of free amino acids(Arg,His,Ile,Leu,Lys,Met,Phe,Thr,Val,Ala,Cys,Glu,Gly,Ser and Tyr)in hepatopancreas decreased linearly with the increase of dietary CPC level(P<0.05).The substitution of more than 45%fish meal with CPC significantly decreased the concen-tration of delicious amino acids(Ala,Glu and Gly)in hepatopancreas(P<0.05),which might adversely affect crab flavor.The expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity,protein transport,TOR pathway and lipid metabolism was significantly downregulated by increasing dietary CPC level(P<0.05).In conclusion,based on the quadratic regression analysis of FCR and PER,the optimal replacement levels of fish meal with CPC in crab diet containing 35%fish meal were 32.36%and 35.38%,respectively.It is recommended that Ile,Leu and Thr be supplemented in addition to Met and Lys in the application of CPC.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China,China(2023YFE0111800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(32272829).
文摘For the agroecosystems of the dairy cow industry,dietary carbohydrate(starch,neutral detergent fiber[NDF])and fat could directly affect rumen methane emissions and host energy utilization.However,the relationships among diet,lactation performance,and methane emissions need to be further determined to assist dairy farms to adjust diet formulations and feeding strategies for environmental and production management.A meta-analysis was conducted in the current study to explore quantitative patterns of dietary fat and carbohydrate at different levels in balancing lactation performance and environment sustainability of dairy cows,and to establish a methane emission prediction model using the artificial neural network(ANN)model.The results showed that the regression relationship between dietary fat,carbohydrate and methane emissions could be shown by the following models:methane=106.78+(14.86 × DMI),R2=0.80;methane=443.17-(46.41 × starch/NDF),R2=0.76;and methane=388.91+(31.40 × fat)-(5.42 × fat2),R2=0.80.The regression relationships between dietary fat,carbohydrate and lactation performance could be shown by the following models:milk fat yield=1.08+(0.43 × starch/NDF)-[0.34 ×(starch/NDF)2],R2=0.79;milk protein yield=0.68+(0.15 × fat)-(0.016 × fat2),R2=0.82.In the structural equation model,we found that when formulating dietary carbohydrates and fats,it was necessary to balance the relationship between methane emissions and lactation performance.Specifically,dietary starch/NDF was lower than 0.63(extremum point)and dietary fat was between 2.89%and 4.69%(extremum point),it could ensure that the aim of methane emission reduction(methane emissions decrease with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat)was achieved without losing lactation performance of dairy cows(lactation performance increase with increasing dietary starch/NDF and fat).Finally,we established the ANN model to predict methane emissions(training set:R2=0.62;validation set:R2=0.61).
基金This work was funded by Education Department of Shanxi Province(Grant no.SXYBKY2018036)the Animal Husbandry‘1331 project’Key Discipline Construction Special Project of Shanxi Province.
文摘This experiment was to evaluate the influence of sodium butyrate(SB)addition on milk production,ruminal fermentation,nutrient digestion,and the development and metabolism regulation of the mammary gland in dairy cows.Forty Holstein dairy cows averaging 710±18.5 kg body weight,72.8±3.66 d in milk(DIM),and 41.4±1.42 kg/d milk production were divided into four treatments blocked by DIM and milk production.Treatments were control group,low SB,medium SB,and high SB with 0,100,200 and 300 g/d of SB addition per cow,respectively.The study lasted for 105 d.Production of milk,milk protein and lactose quadratically increased(P<0.05),while fat-corrected milk,energycorrected milk and milk fat yields linearly increased(P<0.05)with increasing SB addition.The digestibility of dietary dry matter,organic matter,and crude protein linearly increased(P<0.05),whereas the digestibility of ether extract,neutral detergent fibre,and acid detergent fibre quadratically increased(P<0.05).Ruminal pH quadratically decreased(P=0.04),while total volatile fatty acids(VFA)quadratically increased(P=0.03)with increasing SB addition.The acetic acid to propionic acid ratio increased(P=0.03)linearly due to the unaltered acetic acid molar percentage and a linear decrease in propionic acid molar percentage.Ruminal enzymatic activity of carboxymethyl-cellulase and a-amylase,populations of total bacteria,total anaerobic fungi,total protozoa,Ruminococcus albus,R.flavefaciens,Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens,Fibrobacter succinogenes,and Ruminobacter amylophilus linearly increased(P<0.05).Blood glucose,urea nitrogen,and non-esterified fatty acids linearly decreased(P<0.05),while total protein concentration linearly increased(P=0.04).Moreover,the addition of SB at 200 g/d promoted(P<0.05)mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ,SREBF1,ACACA,FASN,SCD,CCNA2,CCND1,PCNA,Bcl-2,GPR41,and the ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR,but decreased(P<0.05)mRNA and protein expressions of Bax,caspase-3,and caspase-9.The results suggest that milk production and milk fat synthesis increased with SB addition by stimulating rumen fermentation,nutrient digestion,gene and protein expressions concerned with milk fat synthesis and mammary gland development.
基金supported by the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2022JJ40176)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32202692)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA,Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-35).
文摘Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and poly-saccharides,which consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.They have the effects of promoting growth,regulating immunity,improving the structure of intestinal flora,and are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.With the comprehensive implementation of the antibiotic prohibition policy in China,oligosaccharides as new green feed additive have been paid more attention.Oligosac-charides can be divided into the following 2 categories according to their digestive characteristics:one is easy to be absorbed by the intestine,called common oligosaccharides,such as sucrose and maltose oligosaccharide;the other is difficult to be absorbed by the intestine and has special physiological functions,called functional oligosaccharides.The common functional oligosaccharides include mannan oligosaccharides(MOS),fructo-oligosaccharides(FOS),chitosan oligosaccharides(COS),xylo-oligosaccharides(XOS)and so on.In this paper,we review the types and sources of functional oligo-saccharides,their application in pig nutrition,and the factors limiting their efficacy in recent years.This review provides the theoretical basis for further research of functional oligosaccharides,and the future application of alternative antibiotics in pig industry.
文摘The large intestinal systems of fowl and swine recover nutrients from ileal indigesta by a strategically different manner.Indigesta with fowl enter a short colon where retro-peristalsis using urine from the urodeum carries small particulates and solutes into both ceca while coarse materials collect in the cloaca.Fowl repetitively add fine and soluble materials into both ceca to continue fermentation until complexity of the remainder exceeds microbial action,then contents apart from faeces are entirely evacuated.Indigesta with swine initially enter a short cecum followed by a lengthy progression through to the rectal ampulla.Wall out-pocketings of circular muscle or haustrae occur throughout the length of the pig's cecum and helicoidal colon.Each pocket carries contents acquired earlier in the cecum.Motility collects fines and solutes into haustrae during their progression through the colon whereas coarse particulates assemble in the core.Haustrae contents continually ferment during movement to the distal colon with resulting volatile fatty acids(VFA)and electrolytes being absorbed.Mucin loosely covers the lumen surface in caeca as well as helicoidal colon that may capture microbes from active intestinal contents as well as release others to sustain fermentation.The microbial community continually modifies to accommodate fibre complexity as encountered.Resistant starches(RS)and simple oligosaccharides rapidly ferment to yield VFA while encouraging butyric acid in the cecum and anterior colon,whereas non-starch polysaccharides(NSP)complexity requires extended durations through the remaining colon that enhance acetic acid.Residual fibre eventually results in undue complexity for fermentation and consolidates at termination of the colon.These compact pellets are placed on core contents to form faeces having a nodular surface.Acetic,propionic,and butyric acids represent the bulk of VFA and are derived from non-digestible carbohydrates.Fibrolytic enzymes,when supplemented to feed,may increase the proportion of oligosaccharides and simpler NSP to further the rate as well as extent of fermentation.Active absorption of VFA by mucosal enterocytes employs its ionized form together with Na^(+),whereas direct membrane passage occurs when non-dissociated.Most absorbed VFA favour use by the host with a portion of butyric acid together with by-products from protein digestion being retained to reform mucin and sustain mucosal integrity.
文摘This study aimed to assess the changes of small intestinal morphology,progenitors,differentiated epithelial cells,and potential mechanisms in neonatal piglets.Hematoxylin and eosin staining of samples from 36 piglets suggested that dramatic changes were observed in the jejunum crypts depth and crypt fission index of neonatal piglets(P<0.001).The number of intestinal stem cells(ISC)tended to increase(P<0.10),and a decreased number of enteroendocrine cells appeared in the jejunal crypt on d 7(P<0.05).Furthermore,the mRNA expression of jejunal chromogranin A(ChgA)was down-regulated in d 7 piglets(P<0.05).There was an up-regulation of the adult ISC marker gene of SPARC related modular calcium binding 2(Smoc2),and Wnt/b-catenin target genes on d 7(P<0.05).These results were further verified in vitro enteroid culture experiments.A mass of hollow spheroids was cultured from the fetal intestine of 0-d-old piglets(P<0.001),whereas substantial organoids with budding and branching structures were cultured from the intestine of 7-d-old piglets(P<0.001).The difference was reflected by the organoid budding efficiency,crypt domains per organoid,and the surface area of the organoid.Furthermore,spheroids on d 0 had more Ki67-positive cells and enteroendocrine cells(P<0.05)and showed a decreasing trend in the ISC and goblet cells(P<0.10).Moreover,the mRNA expression of spheroids differed markedly from that of organoids,with low expression of intestinal differentiation gene(Lysozyme;P<0.05),epithelial-specific markers(Villin,E-cadherin;P<0.05),and adult ISC markers(leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5[Lgr5],Smoc2;P<0.001),and upregulation of fetal marker(connexin 43[Cnx43];P<0.05).The mRNA expression of relevant genes was up-regulated,and involved in Wnt/b-catenin,epidermal growth factor(EGF),Notch,and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)signaling on d 7 organoids(P<0.05).Spheroids displayed low differentiated phenotype and high proliferation,while organoids exhibited strong differentiation potential.These results indicated that the conversion from the fetal progenitors(spheroids)to adult ISC(normal organoids)might largely be responsible for the fast development of intestinal epithelial cells in neonatal piglets.
基金The study was funded by Trouw Nutrition,a Nutreco company,The Netherlands.The authors thank Shuyu Song and Jonathon Clay for their technical assistance.The authors thank Ms.Petrina Young for providing Eimeria spp.oocysts and Prof.Robert Moore for providing Clostridium perfringens EHE-18.
文摘Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial.Among many additives,organic acids(OA)and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era.The current study evaluated the potentials of short-chain fatty acids(SCFA)and medium-chain fatty acids(MCFA)blends and/or phenolic compounds on intestinal integrity,intestinal pH,caecal microbiota,and caecal SCFA profiles of broilers under necrotic enteritis(NE)challenge.The additives used were:(A)a blend of SCFA,MCFA,and a phenolic compound(SMP),(B)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA(SMF),and(C)a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA(SHM).A total of 1,404 male parental chicks of Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 78 floor pens on hatching day with 6 treatments replicated 13 times with 18 birds per pen.The treatments were:UCC,unchallenged control;CHC,challenged control;BAC,challenged group plus zinc bacitracin;SMP,challenged group plus additive SMP;SMF,challenged group plus additive SMF;SHM,challenged group plus additive SHM.Birds were challenged with field-strain Eimeria spp.on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14.Birds challenged with NE increased fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran(FITC-d)concentration in serum,reduced acetate and butyrate concentrations,and increased Bacteroides and C.perfringens load in the caeca(P<0.05).Birds fed additives decreased FITC-d from gut to serum,reduced Bacteroides(d 16,P<0.05)and numerically reduced C.perfringens load compared to CHC group.Birds fed additive SHM had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate(d 21,P<0.05)than CHC group but were not different from SMP and SMF groups.All the additives exhibited similar intestinal protection against NE compared to the BAC group indicated by FITC-d concentration in serum,acetate,propionate and butyrate concentrations in the caeca,and caecal bacterial loads except for the C.perfringens(P>0.05).The SMP group had a higher load compared to BAC(P<0.05).These findings suggest the promising effects of OA blends as alternatives to BAC to ameliorate the impact of NE challenge of broilers as indicated by improved intestinal health.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFD0900200,2018YFD0900400)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-08)+2 种基金Beijing Technology System for Sturgeon and Salmonids(BAIC08-2021)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31902382)Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(6204047)
文摘This study applied in vivo and in vitro methods to investigate the effect of dietary N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)on lipid metabolism,inflammation and apoptosis related-gene expression in visceral adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes of Japanese seabass(Lateolabrax japonicus).A basal diet and a test diet supplemented with 720 mg/kg NCG were fed to the fish for 10 weeks.During the growth trial,no mortality and no significant differences in growth performance were observed in fish between the 2 groups(P>0.05).Plasma Arg content and mRNA level of argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS)in adipose tissue were significantly increased,which indicated that NCG inclusion promoted endogenous Arg synthesis.Thereafter,the potential effects of NCG treatment on lipid metabolism-related genes expression were studied through in vivo and in vitro methods.In the present study,we successfully established a primary adipocytes culture system and isolated pre-adipocytes in vitro of Japanese seabass for the first time.Both the results in vivo and in vitro showed that NCG treatment decreased the mRNA levels of genes related to adipogenesis(fatty acid synthase,FASN),cholesterol synthesis(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase,HMGCR)and fat deposition(lipoprotein lipase[LPL]and leptin),which revealed the underlying mechanism of NCG on reducing fat deposition.The results of this study demonstrated that NCG inclusion reduced the expression of inflammatory and apoptosis cytokines markedly in vivo and in vitro.In conclusion,NCG did exert beneficial effects on ameliorating adipo-genesis,inflammation and apoptosis via promoting Arg endogenous synthesis in Japanese seabass.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31572447)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.6172017)a Special Fund for Agroscientific Research in the Public Interest(201403047)
文摘This study was conducted to evaluate the alleviation of Bacillus subtilis ANSB01G culture as zearalenone(ZEA)biodegradation agent on oxidative stress,cell apoptosis and fecal ZEA residue in the first parity gestation sows during the gestation.A total of 80 first-parity gilts(Yorkshire×Landrace)were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 20 replications per treatment and one gilt per replicate.The dietary treatments were as follows:CO(positive control);MO(negative control,ZEA level at 246μg/kg diet);COA(CO+B.subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2×10^9 CFU/kg diet);MOA(MO+ZEA level at 260μg/kg diet+B.subtilis ANSB01G culture with 2×10^9 CFU/kg diet).The experiment lasted for the whole gestation period of sows.Results showed that feeding the diet naturally contaminated with low-dose ZEA caused an increase of cell apoptosis in organ and the residual ZEA in feces as well as a decrease of antioxidant function in serum.The addition of B.subtilis ANSB01G culture in the diets can effectively alleviate the status of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by ZEA in diets of gestation sows,as well as decrease the content of residual ZEA in feces.
文摘Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology. Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews including, but not limited to, fundamental aspects of animal nutrition such as nutritional requirements, metabolic studies, body composition, energetics, immunology, neuroscience, microbiology, genetics and molecular and cell biology related to nutrition, and more applied aspects of animal nutrition, such as raw material evaluation, feed additives, nutritive value of novel ingredients and feed safety.
文摘The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism of broiler chicks fed 8 different wheat samples, supplemented or not with xylanase. Seven-hundred sixty eight male broilers(1-day-old) were distributed to 16 experimental treatments(6 replicates per treatment). The treatments were in a factorial arrangement with 8 different wheats and 2 levels of xylanase(0 or 16,000 BXU/kg). The predicted apparent metabolisable energy(AME) of the wheat samples ranged from 13.0 to 13.9 MJ/kg and all diets were formulated to contain the same amount of wheat. Body weight gain(BWG) and feed intake(FI) were measured at 21 d, as was jejunal digesta viscosity, and feed conversion ratio(FCR) calculated. On day 24, one representative bird per pen was selected to calculate whole body energetics. At 21 d, 3 chicks per replicate were randomly allocated to metabolism cages for energy and nutrient utilisation determinations, and were continued on the experimental diets until 24-d-old. No interactions were observed for any performance response variables, ileal nutrient utilisation or digesta viscosity. Xylanase improved BWG and reduced FCR and digesta viscosity(P < 0.05). Wheat influenced dry matter(DM) utilisation and xylanase increased ileal digestible energy(P = 0.04). Xylanase also improved(P < 0.05) DM and nitrogen retention. Apparent metabolisable energy and AME corrected for nitrogen(AMEn) were subject to an interaction whereby wheats 2 and 6, which returned the lowest AME and AMEn values, responded to xylanase supplementation and the remainder did not. Net energy for production and the efficiency of energy use for production were not influenced by xylanase, but were affected by wheat(P < 0.05). Despite the significant differences between wheats with regards to their nutrient utilisation and energy metabolism in birds, xylanase removed this variance and resulted in more homogeneous performance.
文摘Introduction Animal Nutrition An International Publication for Research Findings Related Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology.Animal Nutrition encompasses the full gamut of animal nutritional sciences and reviews including,but not limited to,fundamental aspects of animal nutrition such as nutritional requirements,metabolic studies,body composition,energetics,immunology,neuroscience,microbiology,genetics and molecular and cell biology related to nutrition,and more applied aspects of animal nutrition,such as raw
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.32172748)。
文摘The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with rumenprotected taurine(RPT)on the whole-body protein turnover,the plasma metabolomics,and the whole blood cell transcriptomics in steers.Eight steers,averaging 220±3.26 kg of liveweight,were allocated in a replicate 4×4 Latin square design.The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of RPT supplementation:0,25,50,and 75 g RPT per day,added to a basal diet.The results showed that supplementation with RPT linearly decreased the fecal nitrogen(N)excretion(P=0.001)and the 15N fractional recovery rate(P=0.047),while it linearly increased the urinary excretion of taurine(P=0.045)as well as the average daily weight gain(P=0.003),the protein synthesis(P<0.001),the protein degradation(P<0.001)and the whole-body protein turnover(P<0.001).Supplementation with RPT linearly increased the plasma concentrations of growth hormone(P=0.005)and quadratically affected the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1(P=0.013),and it linearly decreased the plasma concentration of albumin(P=0.022).Supplementation with RPT altered the whole blood cell mRNA expression and upregulated the expressions of the marker genes,including RPS6KB1,PRSS42,COL1A2,ENSBTAG00000013055 and ENSBTAG00000038159 which are related to protein metabolism.The plasma metabolomics profiling indicated that supplementation with RPT upregulated the plasma concentrations of taurine,lysine and methionine.The experiment revealed the impact and the mechanisms of taurine on driving whole-body protein turnover and protein accretion in steers.Two novel marker genes which could be related to body protein degradation in steers were identified.
基金supported by research programs from the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1301000)the Agri-cultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-ZDRW202308)+1 种基金the Agricultur al Science and Technology Innovation Program (ASTIP-IAS12)the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding (2004DA125184G2108).
文摘Optimizing nitrogen utilization efficiency and mitigating nitrogen losses in cows plays a pivotal role in fostering economic sustainability within contemporary agricultural systems.Biochanin A(BCA),a natural component in red clover,has the potential to improve nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows.The primary objective of this study was to probe the impact of biochanin A supplementation on lactational performance,nitrogen metabolism,and blood metabolites in dairy cows.A complete randomized block design experiment was conducted over 28 d,involving 36 multiparous Holstein cows(comparable milk yield=37.1±2.90 kg,BW=642±70.0 kg,days in milk=92±8.0 d,and parity=2.4±0.50),which were allocated to three treatment groups:the Control group(with 0 g/d BCA),the Low group(with 10 g/d per cow BCA),and the High group(with 40 g/d per cow BCA).Biochanin A supplementation improved the lactational performance of cows by increasing milk yield by 6.3%(P=0.007)and feed efficiency by 12.7%(P=0.009).Total intestinal apparent digestibility was unaffected by BCA supplementation(P>0.05),but microbial nitrogen was increased by 30.0%(P=0.002)for promoting nitrogen utilization efficiency by 20.7%(P=0.004).Milk competent yields(protein,lactose,and non-fat milk solid)were increased with increasing BCA supplementation(P 0.05).BCA did not affect body health of dairy cows.Additionally,none of the plasma endocrine hormones were affected(P>0.05).A total of 95 significantly different metabolites were screened from the plasma metabolites of cows in the BCA-added and non-added groups.After performing an enrichment analysis of the metabolic pathways associated with the different metabolites,six specific pathways were identified:bile acid biosynthesis,aspartate metabolism,pyrimidine metabolism,arginine and proline metabolism,the urea cycle,and ammonia recycling.The inclusion of BCA is suggested to enhance milk yield and modulate nitrogen metabolism by influencing relevant metabolites within the metabolic pathways.
基金supported by the China Agricultural Research System(CARS-42-K13)Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team of Guangdong Province(2022KJ137)+2 种基金Adisseo France S.A.S.(20201020112CN)Young S&T Talent Training Program of Guangdong Provincial Association for S&T(SKXRC202213)Special fund for scientific innovation strategyconstruction of high-level Academy of Agriculture Science(202106TD,R2021PY-QY005)。
文摘This experiment aimed to study the effects of supplemental methionine sources,2-hydroxy-4 methyl(thio)butanoic acid(HMTBa)and DL-Methionine(DL-Met),on productive performance,egg quality,and redox status of laying ducks.A total of 792 healthy 25-wk-old Longyan laying ducks with similar body weights were randomly allotted to 11 treatment groups.Each treatment group had 6 replicates of 12 ducks.The trial lasted for 16 wk.Ducks were fed a basal deficient diet(Met:0.24%;Met+Cys:0.51%)or supplemented with DL-Met or HMTBa at 0.05%,0.12%,0.19%,0.26%,and 0.33%of diet,respectively.Compared with the basal diet,supplementation with either DL-Met or HMTBa increased the average egg weight,egg mass,and decreased feed to egg ratio during the whole trial period(P<0.05).Albumen weight and its ratio to total egg weight were increased,but yolk and shell ratio,albumen height,Haugh unit and shell breaking strength were decreased(P<0.05).Dietary DL-Met or HMTBa supplementation increased taurine,methionine,leucine,tryptophan and arginine content,and decreased serine and lysine content in plasma(P<0.05).The redox status of laying ducks was improved by enhancing the glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities,glutathione content and its ratio relative to glutathione(oxidized)content and decreasing malondialdehyde content and increasing mRNA expression of superoxide dismutase-1,glutathione peroxidase-1,hemeoxygenase-1 and nuclear factor-like 2 in liver and ileum with the supplementation of DL-Met or HMTBa(P<0.05).Liver health status measured by average area proportion lipid droplet was improved with supplementation of DL-Met or HMTBa(P<0.05).Villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum and the ileal gene expression of tight junction protein and occludin were increased with DL-Met or HMTBa supplementation(P<0.05).Taken together,these results suggested that the efficacy of dietary supplementation of HMTBa was similar to DL-Met,and it ranged from 98%to 100%for productive performance and egg albumen ratio in laying ducks(25 to 41 wk).
基金supported by the Tianjin Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Capacity Improvement Project(TSBICIP-CXRC-038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2054)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-35).
文摘Tryptophan(Trp)is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals.It has been characterized into two different isomers,levorotation-Trp(L-Trp)and dextrorotation-Trp(D-Trp),based on their distinct molecule orientation.Intestinal epithelial cells and gut microbiota are involved in metabolizing L-Trp in the gut via the activation of the kynurenine,serotonin,and indole pathways.However,knowledge regarding D-Trp metabolism in the gut remains unclear.In this review,we briefly update the current understanding of intestinal L/D-Trp metabolism and the function of their metabolites in modulating the gut physiology and diseases.Finally,we summarize the effects of Trp nutrition on swine production at different stages,including growth performance in weaned piglets and growing pigs,as well as the reproduction performance in sows.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFD0900400)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)China and National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20266)。
文摘Since the aquaculture industry is currently observing a deterioration in the flesh quality of farmed fish,the use of nutrients as additives to improve the flesh quality of farmed fish species is a viable strategy.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary D-ribose(RI)on the nutritional value,texture and flavour of gibel carp(Carassius auratus gibelio).Four diets were formulated containing exogenous RI at 4 gradient levels:0(Control),0.15%(0.15RI),0.30%(0.30RI)and 0.45%(0.45RI).A total of 240 fish(150±0.31 g)were randomly distributed into 12 fibreglass tanks(150 L per tank).Triplicate tanks were randomly assigned to each diet.The feeding trial was carried out in an indoor recirculating aquaculture system for 60 d.After the feeding trial,the muscle and liver of gibel carp were analysed.The results showed that RI supplementation did not result in any negative impact on the growth performance and 0.30RI supplementation significantly increased the whole-body protein content compared to the control group.The contents of collagen and glycogen in muscle were enhanced by RI supplementation.The alterations in the flesh indicated that RI supplementation improved the texture of the flesh in terms of its water-holding capacity and hardness,therefore improving the taste.Dietary RI facilitated the deposition of amino acids and fatty acids in the muscle that contributed to the meaty taste and nutritional value.Furthermore,a combination of metabolomics and expression of key genes in liver and muscle revealed that 0.30RI activated the purine metabolism pathways by supplementing the substrate for nucleotide synthesis and thereby promoting the deposition of flavour substance in flesh.This study offers a new approach for providing healthy,nutritious and flavourful aquatic products.
