In this paper, we study the optimal procurement management by reverse auctions for a price-setting newsvendor(retailer) in a single period setting. The retailer facing price-dependent stochastic demand first designs a...In this paper, we study the optimal procurement management by reverse auctions for a price-setting newsvendor(retailer) in a single period setting. The retailer facing price-dependent stochastic demand first designs a procurement contract and then invites the suppliers to bid for this contract in the reverse auction. The winning supplier produces and delivers the demanded quantity.The retailer obtains the procurement quantity and simultaneously determines the retail price. By using the price elasticity of the lost-sales rate, we show that the retailer’s expected profit(excluding the procurement cost) is a concave function of the purchased quantity, which can be used to obtain the optimal procurement and retail pricing decisions for the retailer. Further, when the underlying random term of demand function is normally distributed under left-truncation(at 0), we get the analytical expressions of the purchased quantity and expected profit function for the retailer. Moreover, some numerical examples are given.展开更多
China is a country with the most water consumption, so it is lack of water resources.Industry has brought serious water pollution while driving economic development, which leads to the destruction of ecological enviro...China is a country with the most water consumption, so it is lack of water resources.Industry has brought serious water pollution while driving economic development, which leads to the destruction of ecological environment. With the improvement of environmental awareness, many scholars have shifted their research direction to how to improve the ecological environment. Most studies consider the whole system as a "black box", regardless of its internal structure. Therefore, a method to identify inefficiency is necessary and some suggestions for optimization are given. In this paper,a two-stage undesirable fixed-sum output data envelopment analysis(DEA) model is proposed. The industrial chemical oxygen demand(COD) emission during 2011–2015 are adjusted, and the efficiency values are calculated by heuristic search algorithm. The efficiency of 30 provinces and cities is divided into eastern, central and western regions. The model can identify the inefficient stage in industrial system, and find the source of low efficiency in the system. The analysis shows that the efficiency of eastern region is the highest, while the overall efficiency is inclined to the pollutant treatment stage.Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions for the low efficiency areas, which can save water while ensuring economic benefits, and provide new direction for water pollution reduction and improve the ecological environment.展开更多
This paper considers the two-part tariff licensing by an innovating firm to its potential competitor in a differentiated mixed duopoly, in which one firm sets a quantity and the other firm charges a price. Based on th...This paper considers the two-part tariff licensing by an innovating firm to its potential competitor in a differentiated mixed duopoly, in which one firm sets a quantity and the other firm charges a price. Based on the development cost incurred by the rival, we derive the optimal behavior of the firms under full information case and partial information case respectively. Information difference on the equilibrium strategies is also investigated.展开更多
By analyzing causes, damages and popular solutions for gnawing rail phenomenon of Rail-Mounted Gantry （shorted for RMG）, this article puts forward a kind of automatic correcting control system, the system can change...By analyzing causes, damages and popular solutions for gnawing rail phenomenon of Rail-Mounted Gantry （shorted for RMG）, this article puts forward a kind of automatic correcting control system, the system can change between two transducer connection forms, and as a result, can prevent or decrease gnawing rail problem to a great extent. We present principles of correcting obliquity, sideward displacement of gantry frame and principles of malfunction diagnosis and some important schematic diagrams. The most significant feature of our system is that we can change transducers＇ connection form to respective or cross driving mode according to the extent of obliquity and sideward displacement of gantry frame, which make full use of both modes＇ advantages. As a result, the system not only can minish gnawing rail phenomenon, diagnose causes of gnawing rail and give an corresponding alarm, but also, in cross connection driving mode, has an unique capacity of preventing gnawing rail phenomenon utilizing its own characteristics under cross connection mode and gantry frame＇s rigidity.展开更多
In this paper, a method of direct multi-step prediction of chaotic time series is proposed, which is based on Kolmogorov entropy and radial basis functions neural networks. This is done first by reconstructing a phase...In this paper, a method of direct multi-step prediction of chaotic time series is proposed, which is based on Kolmogorov entropy and radial basis functions neural networks. This is done first by reconstructing a phase space using chaotic time series, then using K-entropy as a quantitative parameter to obtain the maximum predictability time of chaotic time series, finally the predicted chaotic time series data can be acquired by using RBFNN. The application considered is Lorenz system. Simulation results for direct multi-step prediction method are compared with recurrence multi-step prediction method. The results indicate that the direct multi-step prediction is more accurate and rapid than the recurrence multi-step prediction within the maximum predictability time of chaotic time series. So, it is convenient to forecast and control with real time using the method of direct multi-step prediction.展开更多
Based on the background of vendors＇ selection in supply chain management, the theory of entropy is adopted to filter the criteria. With the combination of data envelopment analysis（DEA） model, it can not only to el...Based on the background of vendors＇ selection in supply chain management, the theory of entropy is adopted to filter the criteria. With the combination of data envelopment analysis（DEA） model, it can not only to eliminate the exclusive information of criteria, but it can keep the advantages of DEA model as well, which can conveniently conduct to automatic data collection and going on an objective evaluation of the priority of vendors.展开更多
Aims and Scope Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)(Started in 2013)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information ...Aims and Scope Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)(Started in 2013)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information science.展开更多
This research examines the effects of commercial insurance on household financial vulnerability using data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS). Data were collected from 39875households in 29 provinces of Chi...This research examines the effects of commercial insurance on household financial vulnerability using data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS). Data were collected from 39875households in 29 provinces of China. The probit model was used to test the relationship between the study variables. The results show that commercial insurance participation reduces the likelihood of a household’s financial vulnerability. Heterogeneity analysis found that commercial insurance participation had a more significant dampening effect on the financial vulnerability of households with low personal expenses, low-income, low human capital, rural areas, and the central and western regions, indicating that commercial insurance has a universal effect. This study offers several policy implications for combating household financial vulnerability. First, improving the commercial insurance protection system in both urban and rural areas could improve households’ risk management capacity. Second,establishing tax-rewarding policies to encourage households to participate in commercial insurance.Third, increasing the popularity of commercial insurance, particularly in rural areas, and exploring the rural commercial insurance market.展开更多
This paper discusses the factors influencing Chinese energy intensity from 1980 to 2003 based on adaptive weighting Divisia index method and the analyzing results are different in different phase. In period of 1980～1...This paper discusses the factors influencing Chinese energy intensity from 1980 to 2003 based on adaptive weighting Divisia index method and the analyzing results are different in different phase. In period of 1980～1990, both the structure factor and the technology factor effected positively Chinese energy intensity＇s fall but the former became inefficacy and even turned out to be negative in 1991～2001 meanwhile the later factor strengthened its function. After 2001, the two factors promoted Chinese energy intensity＇s rising together. The conclusion is given in the end.展开更多
China＇s oil demand has been skyrocketed. In 2004 China became the world＇s second largest oil consumer and imported 122.7 million tons of crude oil, which accounted for 41.9% of China＇s crude oil consumption. Intern...China＇s oil demand has been skyrocketed. In 2004 China became the world＇s second largest oil consumer and imported 122.7 million tons of crude oil, which accounted for 41.9% of China＇s crude oil consumption. International oil investment becomes an important channel for China to obtain oil resource. The cluster analysis in the target countries of China＇s international oil investment is studied here. An investment environment model incorporating 9 factors is established firstly, the order of these factors is ranked by their importance. Then the weight of such factors is determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and these countries are classified into 3 categories using cluster analysis. The results provide an important decision-making tool for China＇s international oil investment.展开更多
This paper is aimed at designing financing channels in Chinese real estate market. According to the information we grasped, this paper discusses the current and prospective real estate development. Meanwhile, the anal...This paper is aimed at designing financing channels in Chinese real estate market. According to the information we grasped, this paper discusses the current and prospective real estate development. Meanwhile, the analysis of the financial channels in this industry and existing problems are made. Finally, this paper referred the successful experiences of some developed countries to conclude that China should cultivate advanced financial market providing as many instruments as possible to disperse current risks in real estate market.展开更多
This paper analyzes the correlativity between new products output and science ＆ technology resources input by the method of Gray Relevancy model, and finds that the spending for new products has greatest correlativit...This paper analyzes the correlativity between new products output and science ＆ technology resources input by the method of Gray Relevancy model, and finds that the spending for new products has greatest correlativity with new products output in large and medium sized state-owned industrial enterprises.展开更多
The traditional user-optimal assignment model assumed that the traffic information is perfect, howerver, the link travel cost is Always uncertain or fuzzy in real situations.The paper gives a modified Frank-Wolfe meth...The traditional user-optimal assignment model assumed that the traffic information is perfect, howerver, the link travel cost is Always uncertain or fuzzy in real situations.The paper gives a modified Frank-Wolfe method for fuzzy user-optimal route choice problem.The shortest-path algorithm in F-W is solved by an order relation (FSA) method between fuzzy travel costs. The results of a simple example show that the method is practical.展开更多
We explore the association between the number of critical audit matters and auditing opinion based on the Chinese capital market data.In addition,we investigate the effect of audit risk on the relationship between the...We explore the association between the number of critical audit matters and auditing opinion based on the Chinese capital market data.In addition,we investigate the effect of audit risk on the relationship between the number of critical audit matters and auditing opinion.Using 6,662 firm-year observations listed in the Chinese capital market from 2017–2019,we find that the number of critical audit matters has significantly positive association with clear audit opinion.Specially,the greater the number of critical audit matters,the more likely getting clear audit opinion.We also find that the audit risk restricts the effect of the critical audit matters on the audit opinion.Lastly,we find that Big4 accounting firms are less likely to be influenced by the number of critical audit matters;the audit complexity restricts the effect of the critical audit matters on the audit opinion;the more board members,the less effect of the number of critical audit matters on the audit opinion.We also use several robustness tests to strengthen the conclusion.Our research may contribute to the understanding of the new audit standard.展开更多
Detecting differential expression of genes in genom research(e.g.,2019-nCoV)is not uncommon,due to the cost only small sample is employed to estimate a large number of variances(or their inverse)of variables simultane...Detecting differential expression of genes in genom research(e.g.,2019-nCoV)is not uncommon,due to the cost only small sample is employed to estimate a large number of variances(or their inverse)of variables simultaneously.However,the commonly used approaches perform unreliable.Borrowing information across different variables or priori information of variables,shrinkage estimation approaches are proposed and some optimal shrinkage estimators are obtained in the sense of asymptotic.In this paper,we focus on the setting of small sample and a likelihood-unbiased estimator for power of variances is given under the assumption that the variances are chi-squared distribution.Simulation reports show that the likelihood-unbiased estimators for variances and their inverse perform very well.In addition,application comparison and real data analysis indicate that the proposed estimator also works well.展开更多
In this paper we consider a discrete-time Geo/G/1 queue with delayed Min(N, D)-policy.Using renewal process theory, total probability decomposition technique and z-transform, we study the transient and equilibrium pro...In this paper we consider a discrete-time Geo/G/1 queue with delayed Min(N, D)-policy.Using renewal process theory, total probability decomposition technique and z-transform, we study the transient and equilibrium properties of the queue length from an arbitrary initial state, and obtain both the recursive expressions of the transient state queue length distribution and the steady state queue length distribution at arbitrary time epoch n+. Furthermore, we derive the important relations between equilibrium queue length distributions at different time epochs n-, n and n+. Finally, we give some numerical examples about capacity decision in queueing systems to demonstrate the application of the analytical results reported in this paper.展开更多
Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information science.This journal aims to pro...Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information science.This journal aims to provide a platform for sharing new developments in the research fields of systems science and management science and promotes applications of these cutting-edge theories and methods to real world.Topics covered by this journal include but not limited to the following list.展开更多
To survive that is to eat and not to be eaten. Whatever its spatial and temporal level of organisation, every living system owns 7 invariant capacities(the gauge invariance paradigm). Emerging by embedments and juxtap...To survive that is to eat and not to be eaten. Whatever its spatial and temporal level of organisation, every living system owns 7 invariant capacities(the gauge invariance paradigm). Emerging by embedments and juxtapositions of previous systems, every living system-of-systems is both dependent and independent from its new global level of organisation and past and present local situations of emergence. Mass growth governs growth phase duration. Local actors, modules of past, present and new modules of modules become mutually integrated(percolation process) into a new Whole through their merging into an ARMSADA(Association for the Reciprocal and Mutual Sharing of Advantages and DisAdvantages). Reversely(systemic constructal law) the global Whole is integrating the local parceners. Whatever the organisation level, the living systems obey the same principle of evolution and emergence, the volume and time of generation of the adult system obey a correlation: The mass controlled duration of acquisition of the reproductive capacity and the volume at its acquisition are linked by a 3/2 exponent power law. This dynamic fractal law is invariant, between and within levels of organisation. Brownian motion is the basic phenomenon of growth control: Matter and energy are exchanged at a constant flow rate. A Pareto-like relationship governs limits and limitations: Mutual survival depends on reciprocal limitations, through interactive feedbacks, for the best and for the worst. To survive that is to transform disadvantages into advantages and to avoid advantages turn to disadvantages.展开更多
Social media and consumer behavior are increasingly important in business nowadays. As a new form of advertising, social media do facilitate the increase in demand and bring a challenge to manufactures. While research...Social media and consumer behavior are increasingly important in business nowadays. As a new form of advertising, social media do facilitate the increase in demand and bring a challenge to manufactures. While researchers demonstrated that insufficient capacity generates the loss in the process of sales, an opposite conclusion has been obtained that the profit is larger in insufficient capacity.This study investigates this situation of a manufacturer. We develop a multi period model of insufficient capacity concerning with social media and consumer behavior. An calculation of the model indicates that a great change appears in the demand of each period. To ensure the maximum profit, the capacity of each period is computed. And the profit is almost 8 times larger than that we do not consider social media and consumer behavior. We discuss the implications of our findings for both theory and practice.展开更多
The mathematical model of the demander versus supplier has been presented by adopting optimization theories, the economical order quantity （EOQ） and economic production quantity （EPQ） has further been studied. The...The mathematical model of the demander versus supplier has been presented by adopting optimization theories, the economical order quantity （EOQ） and economic production quantity （EPQ） has further been studied. Then under the consideration of Pareto optimization, a joint decision model of price and lead time discount and lot size has been presented. Further more the sensitive analysis of price and lead time discount are analyzed with an empirical example.展开更多
基金Supported by Hunan Provincial Department of Education Fund(20A485,19K093)National Center for Applied Mathematics in Hunan Province。
文摘In this paper, we study the optimal procurement management by reverse auctions for a price-setting newsvendor(retailer) in a single period setting. The retailer facing price-dependent stochastic demand first designs a procurement contract and then invites the suppliers to bid for this contract in the reverse auction. The winning supplier produces and delivers the demanded quantity.The retailer obtains the procurement quantity and simultaneously determines the retail price. By using the price elasticity of the lost-sales rate, we show that the retailer’s expected profit(excluding the procurement cost) is a concave function of the purchased quantity, which can be used to obtain the optimal procurement and retail pricing decisions for the retailer. Further, when the underlying random term of demand function is normally distributed under left-truncation(at 0), we get the analytical expressions of the purchased quantity and expected profit function for the retailer. Moreover, some numerical examples are given.
基金Supported by Doctoral Research Startup Fund of Anhui University of Finance&Economics (85051)。
文摘China is a country with the most water consumption, so it is lack of water resources.Industry has brought serious water pollution while driving economic development, which leads to the destruction of ecological environment. With the improvement of environmental awareness, many scholars have shifted their research direction to how to improve the ecological environment. Most studies consider the whole system as a "black box", regardless of its internal structure. Therefore, a method to identify inefficiency is necessary and some suggestions for optimization are given. In this paper,a two-stage undesirable fixed-sum output data envelopment analysis(DEA) model is proposed. The industrial chemical oxygen demand(COD) emission during 2011–2015 are adjusted, and the efficiency values are calculated by heuristic search algorithm. The efficiency of 30 provinces and cities is divided into eastern, central and western regions. The model can identify the inefficient stage in industrial system, and find the source of low efficiency in the system. The analysis shows that the efficiency of eastern region is the highest, while the overall efficiency is inclined to the pollutant treatment stage.Finally, the paper puts forward some suggestions for the low efficiency areas, which can save water while ensuring economic benefits, and provide new direction for water pollution reduction and improve the ecological environment.
基金Supported by Students’Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Liaoning Province(201710165000243)Liaoning Normal University(cx20170342)
文摘This paper considers the two-part tariff licensing by an innovating firm to its potential competitor in a differentiated mixed duopoly, in which one firm sets a quantity and the other firm charges a price. Based on the development cost incurred by the rival, we derive the optimal behavior of the firms under full information case and partial information case respectively. Information difference on the equilibrium strategies is also investigated.
文摘By analyzing causes, damages and popular solutions for gnawing rail phenomenon of Rail-Mounted Gantry （shorted for RMG）, this article puts forward a kind of automatic correcting control system, the system can change between two transducer connection forms, and as a result, can prevent or decrease gnawing rail problem to a great extent. We present principles of correcting obliquity, sideward displacement of gantry frame and principles of malfunction diagnosis and some important schematic diagrams. The most significant feature of our system is that we can change transducers＇ connection form to respective or cross driving mode according to the extent of obliquity and sideward displacement of gantry frame, which make full use of both modes＇ advantages. As a result, the system not only can minish gnawing rail phenomenon, diagnose causes of gnawing rail and give an corresponding alarm, but also, in cross connection driving mode, has an unique capacity of preventing gnawing rail phenomenon utilizing its own characteristics under cross connection mode and gantry frame＇s rigidity.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China（70271071） and the Science and Technology Development Foundation of Tianjin Education Committee （20052171）.
文摘In this paper, a method of direct multi-step prediction of chaotic time series is proposed, which is based on Kolmogorov entropy and radial basis functions neural networks. This is done first by reconstructing a phase space using chaotic time series, then using K-entropy as a quantitative parameter to obtain the maximum predictability time of chaotic time series, finally the predicted chaotic time series data can be acquired by using RBFNN. The application considered is Lorenz system. Simulation results for direct multi-step prediction method are compared with recurrence multi-step prediction method. The results indicate that the direct multi-step prediction is more accurate and rapid than the recurrence multi-step prediction within the maximum predictability time of chaotic time series. So, it is convenient to forecast and control with real time using the method of direct multi-step prediction.
基金This project is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guaugdong Province（5006061）
文摘Based on the background of vendors＇ selection in supply chain management, the theory of entropy is adopted to filter the criteria. With the combination of data envelopment analysis（DEA） model, it can not only to eliminate the exclusive information of criteria, but it can keep the advantages of DEA model as well, which can conveniently conduct to automatic data collection and going on an objective evaluation of the priority of vendors.
文摘Aims and Scope Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)(Started in 2013)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information science.
文摘This research examines the effects of commercial insurance on household financial vulnerability using data from the China Household Finance Survey(CHFS). Data were collected from 39875households in 29 provinces of China. The probit model was used to test the relationship between the study variables. The results show that commercial insurance participation reduces the likelihood of a household’s financial vulnerability. Heterogeneity analysis found that commercial insurance participation had a more significant dampening effect on the financial vulnerability of households with low personal expenses, low-income, low human capital, rural areas, and the central and western regions, indicating that commercial insurance has a universal effect. This study offers several policy implications for combating household financial vulnerability. First, improving the commercial insurance protection system in both urban and rural areas could improve households’ risk management capacity. Second,establishing tax-rewarding policies to encourage households to participate in commercial insurance.Third, increasing the popularity of commercial insurance, particularly in rural areas, and exploring the rural commercial insurance market.
文摘This paper discusses the factors influencing Chinese energy intensity from 1980 to 2003 based on adaptive weighting Divisia index method and the analyzing results are different in different phase. In period of 1980～1990, both the structure factor and the technology factor effected positively Chinese energy intensity＇s fall but the former became inefficacy and even turned out to be negative in 1991～2001 meanwhile the later factor strengthened its function. After 2001, the two factors promoted Chinese energy intensity＇s rising together. The conclusion is given in the end.
文摘China＇s oil demand has been skyrocketed. In 2004 China became the world＇s second largest oil consumer and imported 122.7 million tons of crude oil, which accounted for 41.9% of China＇s crude oil consumption. International oil investment becomes an important channel for China to obtain oil resource. The cluster analysis in the target countries of China＇s international oil investment is studied here. An investment environment model incorporating 9 factors is established firstly, the order of these factors is ranked by their importance. Then the weight of such factors is determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） and these countries are classified into 3 categories using cluster analysis. The results provide an important decision-making tool for China＇s international oil investment.
文摘This paper is aimed at designing financing channels in Chinese real estate market. According to the information we grasped, this paper discusses the current and prospective real estate development. Meanwhile, the analysis of the financial channels in this industry and existing problems are made. Finally, this paper referred the successful experiences of some developed countries to conclude that China should cultivate advanced financial market providing as many instruments as possible to disperse current risks in real estate market.
文摘This paper analyzes the correlativity between new products output and science ＆ technology resources input by the method of Gray Relevancy model, and finds that the spending for new products has greatest correlativity with new products output in large and medium sized state-owned industrial enterprises.
文摘The traditional user-optimal assignment model assumed that the traffic information is perfect, howerver, the link travel cost is Always uncertain or fuzzy in real situations.The paper gives a modified Frank-Wolfe method for fuzzy user-optimal route choice problem.The shortest-path algorithm in F-W is solved by an order relation (FSA) method between fuzzy travel costs. The results of a simple example show that the method is practical.
文摘We explore the association between the number of critical audit matters and auditing opinion based on the Chinese capital market data.In addition,we investigate the effect of audit risk on the relationship between the number of critical audit matters and auditing opinion.Using 6,662 firm-year observations listed in the Chinese capital market from 2017–2019,we find that the number of critical audit matters has significantly positive association with clear audit opinion.Specially,the greater the number of critical audit matters,the more likely getting clear audit opinion.We also find that the audit risk restricts the effect of the critical audit matters on the audit opinion.Lastly,we find that Big4 accounting firms are less likely to be influenced by the number of critical audit matters;the audit complexity restricts the effect of the critical audit matters on the audit opinion;the more board members,the less effect of the number of critical audit matters on the audit opinion.We also use several robustness tests to strengthen the conclusion.Our research may contribute to the understanding of the new audit standard.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11971433)First Class Discipline of Zhejiang-A(Zhejiang Gongshang University-Statistics)Hunan Soft Science Research Project(2012ZK3064)
文摘Detecting differential expression of genes in genom research(e.g.,2019-nCoV)is not uncommon,due to the cost only small sample is employed to estimate a large number of variances(or their inverse)of variables simultaneously.However,the commonly used approaches perform unreliable.Borrowing information across different variables or priori information of variables,shrinkage estimation approaches are proposed and some optimal shrinkage estimators are obtained in the sense of asymptotic.In this paper,we focus on the setting of small sample and a likelihood-unbiased estimator for power of variances is given under the assumption that the variances are chi-squared distribution.Simulation reports show that the likelihood-unbiased estimators for variances and their inverse perform very well.In addition,application comparison and real data analysis indicate that the proposed estimator also works well.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71571127)
文摘In this paper we consider a discrete-time Geo/G/1 queue with delayed Min(N, D)-policy.Using renewal process theory, total probability decomposition technique and z-transform, we study the transient and equilibrium properties of the queue length from an arbitrary initial state, and obtain both the recursive expressions of the transient state queue length distribution and the steady state queue length distribution at arbitrary time epoch n+. Furthermore, we derive the important relations between equilibrium queue length distributions at different time epochs n-, n and n+. Finally, we give some numerical examples about capacity decision in queueing systems to demonstrate the application of the analytical results reported in this paper.
文摘Journal of Systems Science and Information(JSSI)is a peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary journal that focuses on systems science and systems engineering,management science,and information science.This journal aims to provide a platform for sharing new developments in the research fields of systems science and management science and promotes applications of these cutting-edge theories and methods to real world.Topics covered by this journal include but not limited to the following list.
文摘To survive that is to eat and not to be eaten. Whatever its spatial and temporal level of organisation, every living system owns 7 invariant capacities(the gauge invariance paradigm). Emerging by embedments and juxtapositions of previous systems, every living system-of-systems is both dependent and independent from its new global level of organisation and past and present local situations of emergence. Mass growth governs growth phase duration. Local actors, modules of past, present and new modules of modules become mutually integrated(percolation process) into a new Whole through their merging into an ARMSADA(Association for the Reciprocal and Mutual Sharing of Advantages and DisAdvantages). Reversely(systemic constructal law) the global Whole is integrating the local parceners. Whatever the organisation level, the living systems obey the same principle of evolution and emergence, the volume and time of generation of the adult system obey a correlation: The mass controlled duration of acquisition of the reproductive capacity and the volume at its acquisition are linked by a 3/2 exponent power law. This dynamic fractal law is invariant, between and within levels of organisation. Brownian motion is the basic phenomenon of growth control: Matter and energy are exchanged at a constant flow rate. A Pareto-like relationship governs limits and limitations: Mutual survival depends on reciprocal limitations, through interactive feedbacks, for the best and for the worst. To survive that is to transform disadvantages into advantages and to avoid advantages turn to disadvantages.
基金supported in part by the Humanities and Social Science Talent Plan of Shaanxi Provincethe National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 71101113+2 种基金the Ministry of Education,Humanities and Social Science Foundation Program 16YJC630095the Soft Science Research Project of Xi’an under Grant SF1502-3the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under the Grant JB160614
文摘Social media and consumer behavior are increasingly important in business nowadays. As a new form of advertising, social media do facilitate the increase in demand and bring a challenge to manufactures. While researchers demonstrated that insufficient capacity generates the loss in the process of sales, an opposite conclusion has been obtained that the profit is larger in insufficient capacity.This study investigates this situation of a manufacturer. We develop a multi period model of insufficient capacity concerning with social media and consumer behavior. An calculation of the model indicates that a great change appears in the demand of each period. To ensure the maximum profit, the capacity of each period is computed. And the profit is almost 8 times larger than that we do not consider social media and consumer behavior. We discuss the implications of our findings for both theory and practice.
文摘The mathematical model of the demander versus supplier has been presented by adopting optimization theories, the economical order quantity （EOQ） and economic production quantity （EPQ） has further been studied. Then under the consideration of Pareto optimization, a joint decision model of price and lead time discount and lot size has been presented. Further more the sensitive analysis of price and lead time discount are analyzed with an empirical example.
