The question of Tigranes II's coinage and its chronology is one of the main difficulties for Artaxiad numismatics.These coins account for over half of all coin types issued by all the kings of this dynasty over a ...The question of Tigranes II's coinage and its chronology is one of the main difficulties for Artaxiad numismatics.These coins account for over half of all coin types issued by all the kings of this dynasty over a period of almost two centuries(189 BC-AD 16).The abundance and wide range of types,monograms,legends,and tiara shapes have led to differing and sometimes contradictory classifications.展开更多
The Year 2020 represents 60 years since the first successful operation of the laser.This anniversary provides an ideal occasion to reflect on the myriad ways that lasers have revolutionized society,and to consider the...The Year 2020 represents 60 years since the first successful operation of the laser.This anniversary provides an ideal occasion to reflect on the myriad ways that lasers have revolutionized society,and to consider the many new areas of research that continue to drive photonics in unexpected directions.Yet at the same time as we consider these exciting future perspectives,it is also interesting to see how the development of the laser traces a path that intertwines basic and applied science,and intersects with the recognition of many of the pioneers of optics through the Nobel Prize.Of course,an exhaustive history of such a rich topic cannot be given in a short Perspective,but it is perhaps possible to describe some of the key highlights.展开更多
This paper explores the question of how we can know if Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems have become or are becoming sentient.After an overview of some arguments regarding AI sentience,it proceeds to an outline of th...This paper explores the question of how we can know if Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems have become or are becoming sentient.After an overview of some arguments regarding AI sentience,it proceeds to an outline of the notion of negation in the philosophy of Josiah Royce,which is then applied to the arguments already presented.Royce’s notion of the primitive dyadic and symmetric negation relation is shown to bypass such arguments.The negation relation and its expansion into higher types of order are then considered with regard to how,in small variations of active negation,they would disclose sentience in AI systems.Finally,I argue that the much-hyped arguments and apocalyptic speculations regarding Artificial General Intelligence(AGI)takeover and similar scenarios,abetted by the notion of unlimited data,are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of how entities engage their experience.Namely,limitation,proceeding from the symmetric negation relation,expands outward into higher types of order in polyadic relations,wherein the entity self-limits and creatively moves toward uniqueness.展开更多
文摘The question of Tigranes II's coinage and its chronology is one of the main difficulties for Artaxiad numismatics.These coins account for over half of all coin types issued by all the kings of this dynasty over a period of almost two centuries(189 BC-AD 16).The abundance and wide range of types,monograms,legends,and tiara shapes have led to differing and sometimes contradictory classifications.
文摘The Year 2020 represents 60 years since the first successful operation of the laser.This anniversary provides an ideal occasion to reflect on the myriad ways that lasers have revolutionized society,and to consider the many new areas of research that continue to drive photonics in unexpected directions.Yet at the same time as we consider these exciting future perspectives,it is also interesting to see how the development of the laser traces a path that intertwines basic and applied science,and intersects with the recognition of many of the pioneers of optics through the Nobel Prize.Of course,an exhaustive history of such a rich topic cannot be given in a short Perspective,but it is perhaps possible to describe some of the key highlights.
基金funded by AI-PROFICIENT which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(No.957391).
文摘This paper explores the question of how we can know if Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems have become or are becoming sentient.After an overview of some arguments regarding AI sentience,it proceeds to an outline of the notion of negation in the philosophy of Josiah Royce,which is then applied to the arguments already presented.Royce’s notion of the primitive dyadic and symmetric negation relation is shown to bypass such arguments.The negation relation and its expansion into higher types of order are then considered with regard to how,in small variations of active negation,they would disclose sentience in AI systems.Finally,I argue that the much-hyped arguments and apocalyptic speculations regarding Artificial General Intelligence(AGI)takeover and similar scenarios,abetted by the notion of unlimited data,are based on a fundamental misunderstanding of how entities engage their experience.Namely,limitation,proceeding from the symmetric negation relation,expands outward into higher types of order in polyadic relations,wherein the entity self-limits and creatively moves toward uniqueness.
