The search for potential and inexhaustible sources of bioactive compounds with great functional activities is imperative for potential drug leads in treating various human diseases.In this regard,this study investigat...The search for potential and inexhaustible sources of bioactive compounds with great functional activities is imperative for potential drug leads in treating various human diseases.In this regard,this study investigated the optimum liquid medium and physical culture conditions for the mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd for nutraceutical studies.The greatest mycelial biomass was achieved in PSB liquid medium among the indigenous media evaluated,such as potato sucrose broth(PSB),corn meal broth(CMB),rice bran broth(RBB),and coconut water(CW).In terms of pH,X.papulis Lloyd was observed to grow in a wide range of pH(5.0−8.5),but the best mycelial growth was observed at pH 6.5.Room temperature of 28℃,lighted(137 lux),and static conditions were the other optimum physical culture conditions for mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd.展开更多
Topographic complexity supports the maintenance of a high diversity of microhabitats,which may act as important‘safe havens’-or microrefugia-for biodiversity.Microrefugia are sites with specific environmental condit...Topographic complexity supports the maintenance of a high diversity of microhabitats,which may act as important‘safe havens’-or microrefugia-for biodiversity.Microrefugia are sites with specific environmental conditions that facilitate the persistence of species during environmental changes and exhibit unique ecoevolutionary dynamics.However,our knowledge about how topographic complexity and related ecoevolutionary selective forces influence the functional and phylogenetic signatures of species assemblages in microrefugia is very limited.Although the conceptual framework on the systematic integration of plant functional traits into the study of refugia is well established,more empirical studies on functional trait composition and functional diversity in refugia are urgently needed for more effective conservation.Here we analyzed the distribution of various plant functional traits and phylogenetic patterns in microhabitats(south-and north-facing slopes,and bottoms)of 30 large topographic depressions(i.e.doline microrefugia)and microhabitats of the surrounding plateaus in two distant forested karst regions.We found that plant assemblages in the understory of dolines and their surroundings are characterized by unique functional values and combinations of traits.Doline bottoms had the highest functional diversity among doline microhabitats and supported plant assemblages with considerably different trait compositions from the plateaus.Bottoms also had the highest phylogenetic diversity.These results suggest that topographic complexity in forested dolines has a significant effect on the distribution of plant functional traits in the understory.High functional and phylogenetic diversity in doline bottoms can have important consequences for the long-term survival of plant populations,highlighting that these microhabitats may provide a higher resilience and support an adaptive community-level response to natural and anthropogenic stressors.Understanding mechanisms that drive the survival of species within microrefugia is required to determine the best conservation and management strategies.展开更多
As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with...As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with the rockburst phenomenon. However, due to the large-scale and difficult monitoring of real mining excavations, laboratory scale tests must be utilised to determine the conditions conducive to burst. To this end, this research focuses on the implementation of a new rockburst testing apparatus to replicate the stress conditions of a rock mass excavation at the time of bursting. This apparatus allows the determination of rockburst stresses and a relationship between deviatoric stress and in-situ pressure/depth. Using this relationship it is then possible to estimate the standardised stress levels for a certain rock type which might lead to rockburst occurrence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with increasing in-situ pressure, the likelihood(measured as a lower differential stress) and the extent(indicated by the increasing range of deviatoric stress) of rockburst increases. These findings provide valuable information about the conditions necessary for bursting in deep mining.展开更多
The Philippines is one of the most hazard prone and vulnerable countries in the world to climate change effects due to its geographical location. Climate change is already happening and affecting many places causing h...The Philippines is one of the most hazard prone and vulnerable countries in the world to climate change effects due to its geographical location. Climate change is already happening and affecting many places causing huge problems to coastal ecosystems. Vulnerability and disaster assessment and mapping in coastal areas are essential tasks and undertakings for coastal disaster risk management. The objectives of this study were to assess the climate change vulnerability and disaster risks in the four municipalities (Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc and Palauig) of Zambales and to determine the climate change community-based adaptation (CBA) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) strategies. Remote sensing, GIS, secondary data gathering and key informant interview were used to assess vulnerability and disaster risks and mapping in the four municipalities. Survey questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview were utilized in gathering data for the determination of climate change adaptation strategies. Using remote sensing technology, it was revealed that coastline changes have occurred in the shorelines of the four coastal municipalities after a decade. Sea level rise happened in Sta. Cruz and Masinloc, Zambales while there was build-up of soil in the coastline of Candelaria and Palauig, Zambales. Twelve hazard maps, 12 vulnerability maps and 12 disaster risk maps were generated for the three major disasters (flood, landslide, storm surge) in the four coastal municipalities. Based on the flood vulnerability and disaster risk assessment, the municipality of Palauig was found to be the most prone to flooding while the municipality of Candelaria was found to be the most vulnerable to landslide compared to other municipalities. All coastal barangays in the four municipalities were susceptible to storm surge. The four coastal municipalities were conducting community-based adaptation (CBA) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) approaches in order to protect their coastal resources from the damaging impacts of climate change and improve the resilience of their local communities.展开更多
In the last decade, the Philippines had been hit severely by natural disasters brought about by climate change which caused great damages to agriculture. The objectives of the study were to assess climate change impac...In the last decade, the Philippines had been hit severely by natural disasters brought about by climate change which caused great damages to agriculture. The objectives of the study were to assess climate change impacts and vulnerability of Bongabon, Gabaldon and Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija;to assess the vulnerability and suitability of growing various crops, goats and chicken;to generate vulnerability and suitability maps;and to validate the maps produced. A comprehensive scoping, profiling, vulnerability assessment and crop, chicken and goat suitability assessment of the municipalities and agroecosystems of the study sites was done. Generation and validation of the vulnerability and suitability maps were also conducted. Results revealed that Bongabon obtained moderate vulnerability to floods and typhoon while low vulnerability to drought and soil erosion. Gabaldon had moderate vulnerability to floods, soil erosion and drought while low vulnerability to typhoon. Cabanatuan City attained moderate vulnerability to floods and drought while low vulnerability to typhoon. There were four crops suitable to grow in the current condition with flood and landslide hazards and in the two projected future scenarios (RCP 4.5 with good conditions and RCP 8.5 with the worst conditions). Only three crops are highly suitable to grow in Gabaldon for the future conditions while in Cabanatuan City four crops are very suitable for the three situations. Native chicken and goats are highly suitable to raise in the three study sites for the three conditions. There were 16 vulnerability maps developed and generated in Bongabon, 16 in Gabaldon and only 12 in Cabanatuan City. Furthermore, 21 crop, chicken and goat suitability maps were produced in Bongabon, 27 maps in Gabaldon and 21 maps in Cabanatuan City. Overall, validation of the maps in the study sites had high accuracy.展开更多
Climate change continues to intensify existing disaster risks and vulnerabilities in the Philippines. Thus, implementation of climate change adaptation strategies is vital to counter the effects of climate change. It ...Climate change continues to intensify existing disaster risks and vulnerabilities in the Philippines. Thus, implementation of climate change adaptation strategies is vital to counter the effects of climate change. It is in this context that this study was undertaken to analyze the need or urgency to adopt community and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies among selected coastal barangays (villages) of Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines. Various methods of data collection were utilized such as secondary data collection, primary data collection through household survey, key informant interviews, and focus group. Results of the study indicate that in terms of community-based adaptation strategies, all of the seven barangays in Masinloc have moderate necessity. However, only Barangays Bani and Collat have high adaptation capacity in terms of infrastructure and disaster preparedness. The execution of several community-based adaptation strategies helps these barangays to respond immediately and appropriately to the moderate risk posed by floods and storm surges. On the other hand, in terms of ecosystem-based adaptation strategies, all of the seven barangays have moderate necessity which implies that they have moderate vulnerability and risk to flood and storm surge but have high adaptation capacity in terms of the conservation and protection of coastal resources (mangroves and sea grasses). The barangays implemented the necessary ecosystem-based adaptation mechanisms that they might need in the future. This only means that when they are faced with disaster, the local communities are prepared to respond appropriately and to cope up with the effects of extreme weather events which lead to floods and storm surge. Even though most of the ecosystem-based adaptation strategies are conducted by the seven barangays, there are several community-based adaptation strategies that are still lacking which will protect them from the effect of floods and storm surges. Hence, carrying out the missing adaptation strategies, both community-based and ecosystem-based, will help in improving the adaptive capacity of the affected barangays and will help them become more resilient to the amplified effects of climate change.展开更多
Land, surface waters, and ground water worldwide, are increasingly affected by contaminations from industrial, research experiments, military, and agricultural activities either due to ignorance, lack of vision, carel...Land, surface waters, and ground water worldwide, are increasingly affected by contaminations from industrial, research experiments, military, and agricultural activities either due to ignorance, lack of vision, carelessness, or high cost of waste disposal and treatment. The rapid build-up of toxic pollutants (metals, radionuclide, and organic contaminants in soil, surface water, and ground water) not only affects natural resources, but also causes major strains on ecosystems. Interest in phytoremediation as a method to solve environmental contamination has been growing rapidly in recent years. This green technology that involved “tolerant plants” has been utilized to clean up soil and ground water from heavy metals and other toxic organic compounds. Phytoremediation involves growing plants in a contaminated matrix to remove environmental contaminants by facilitating sequestration and/or degradation (detoxification) of the pollutants. Plants are unique organisms equipped with remarkable metabolic and absorption capabilities, as well as transport systems that can take up nutrients or contaminants selectively from the growth matrix, soil or water. As extensive as these benefits are, the costs of using plants along with other concerns like climatic restrictions that may limit growing of plants and slow speed in comparison with conventional methods (i.e., physical and chemical treatment) for bioremediation must be considered carefully. While the benefits of using phytoremediation to restore balance to a stressed environment seem to far outweigh the cost, the largest barrier to the advancement of phytoremediation could be the public opposition. The long-term implication of green plant technology in removing or sequestering environmental contaminations must be addressed thoroughly. As with all new technology, it is important to proceed with caution.展开更多
The Philippines has a geographical and geological setting of a typhoon-prone country. Tropical cyclones have a high incidence of passing through the Philippine islands during the months of September to November with a...The Philippines has a geographical and geological setting of a typhoon-prone country. Tropical cyclones have a high incidence of passing through the Philippine islands during the months of September to November with an average time overland at 11 hours north of 14.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> contrasted to 20 hours south of 14.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>. Due to the frequent occurrence of typhoons and tropical cyclones in this country, most of the provinces of the Philippines experience flood-related disasters that affect the people, their livelihood and many infrastructures. It is deemed necessary for the Philippines to come up with strategies to prevent further damage to its people and their properties. In this study, through the use of important parameters such as earth observations, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Geographic Information System (GIS), assessment of buildings in Dagupan, the Philippines with the possibility of being affected by floods during different typhoon scenarios was done. GIS overlay analysis of the CLSU Phil-LiDAR 1 Project outputs, the 3D building GIS database, and flood hazard maps was done for the assessment. One (1) meter resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), geo-tagged video captured data and high-resolution images in Google Earth were used for processing and analysis to produce a 3D building GIS database. HEC HMS and HEC RAS were used to develop flood models that were used to produce flood hazard maps with different hazard levels. The results of this study were the series of flood exposure maps and vulnerability maps with statistics at different rainfall scenarios. Moreover, the buildings that will be affected by flood in the area were quantified and these were categorized according to their type. It was observed that as the rainfall return period increases, the number of buildings predicted to be exposed and vulnerable to flood also increases. The houses, business establishments, government offices, hospitals and other building types that are at risk of being affected by the flood were counted. Through analysis, it was predicted that there is a higher risk of building exposure and vulnerability during the 100-year rainfall return period. Out of the 71,884 buildings extracted from the area, a predicted 69,214 buildings will be exposed to flood during the 100-year rainfall return period, 59,137 buildings, 9253 buildings, 824 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard level, respectively. Moreover, a total of 9297 buildings are foreseen to be vulnerable to flood, 4614 buildings, 4368 buildings, 315 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard levels, respectively. The maps produced through the study are a valuable asset for the development and preparedness of the community in the Dagupan floodplain. Warnings and other information on evacuation measures will be easier to disseminate through the use of the produced maps in this study.展开更多
The Municipality of Carranglan is a rural community where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The Kalanguya Ancestral Domain (KAD) is also located in the area, and it provides a home for the Kalanguya indige...The Municipality of Carranglan is a rural community where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The Kalanguya Ancestral Domain (KAD) is also located in the area, and it provides a home for the Kalanguya indigenous cultural community. They have fled to the area for a variety of reasons. Despite its rural setting, Carranglan is regarded as a first-class municipality and the largest municipality in Nueva Ecija. This study described and documented the socio-economic profile, and existing issues and problems the Kalanguya Indigenous Peoples (IPs) experienced in their milieu, especially in terms of environmental protection. Recognizing and valuing their perspectives is vital for inclusive development. This study also situated the current status and conditions of the IPs, who generally live below the poverty line and face a range of plights and challenges. As part of safeguarding indigenous rights and interests, this study was undertaken after series of consultations with community elders and leaders. Key informant interviews, household surveys, semi-structured interviews, focused-group discussion (FGD), and direct observations were used to elicit information. Many of the respondents are elementary undergraduates which show that the community had lacked access to education. The following are the primary socioeconomic issues confronting IPs: insufficient access to potable water, suboptimal agricultural productivity, meager monthly income, and a dearth of supplementary and alternative livelihood opportunities. Forest fires, landslides, encroachment of illegal loggers, and concerns about wildlife resources are some of the current environmental issues they have encountered. The local population was supportive of plans and actions targeted at improving the environment. This reveals that the IPs possess unique indigenous forest expertise that enables them to properly manage natural resources.展开更多
This study traced the special rice value chain, described the various players’ roles, assessed the identified chains’ performance, determined the constraints and opportunities, and identified interventions to improv...This study traced the special rice value chain, described the various players’ roles, assessed the identified chains’ performance, determined the constraints and opportunities, and identified interventions to improve the special rice value chain in the province. Key informant interviews with government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and surveys among different special rice value chain players were done. The special rice industry in Nueva Ecija is relatively limited and consists of aromatic, pigmented, and glutinous rice. The value chain mapping for special rice in Nueva Ecija starts downstream (traders) and moves upstream (input provider). Some of the identified constraints within the market levels of the chain are as follows: Farmers’ limited access to affordable yet quality seeds, the volatility of the price of paddy rice in the market, and the rapid changes in the prices of production inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and others. Moreover, natural factors like typhoons, floods, droughts, insect pests, and weeds were noted. One major problem identified by the institutional buyers was the limited demand for special rice. To improve competitiveness, the special rice industry should focus on developing and promoting pest-resistant varieties and cost-reducing technologies. Furthermore, promoting special rice among consumers is needed to increase demand and encourage more farmers to engage in special rice production. The government agencies should continue supporting special rice farmers not only in production but also in postharvest and marketing aspects. Provision of seminars, trainings, and machinery related to special rice is recommended. Regression analysis using backward method of analysis was found to be significant in three (3) variables, namely, household size, years in school, and labor.展开更多
Low income is the main problem of millions of farmers who are cultivating 4.81 million hectares in the Philippines. This problem is attributed to challenges specifically low yield, low quality of produce, and signific...Low income is the main problem of millions of farmers who are cultivating 4.81 million hectares in the Philippines. This problem is attributed to challenges specifically low yield, low quality of produce, and significant post-harvest losses, particularly in a resource-scarce setting. This study aimed to help increase the farmers’ income in selected towns of Nueva Ecija through the promotion and use of special purpose rice production technology. Twenty (20) farmer-cooperators in three towns of Nueva Ecija were selected to demonstrate the production technology covering a total area of 4.75 hectares during the dry season, and 3.3 hectares during the wet season, both in 2023. Extension modalities such as training, techno-demo establishment, information material and technical assistance provision, and market linkage were undertaken to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and skills on special rice production and enterprise. The study utilized the descriptive quantitative method wherein the data were gathered through surveys, specifically personal interviews. Results showed that 70% of the farmer-cooperators were male and 60% were living below the poverty threshold. The farmers were 53 years old on average and engaged in farming as their primary source of income. The average yield of special purpose rice particularly the CLS-2 variety was higher (6.46 MT/ha and 6.22 MT/ha during dry and wet seasons, respectively) than that of inbred or non-special rice. The income per hectare from special purpose rice production per hectare was Php 75,420.00, which is higher than that of regular rice at Php 29,389.00, giving a higher benefit of Php 46,031.00. The technology adopters and area planted increased (from 6 to 9 and from 1.4 hectares to 2.75 hectares, respectively) in Licab, Nueva Ecija. The opposite was true in Sto. Domingo and Guimba, Nueva Ecija where farmers were discouraged by the marketing issues that arose.展开更多
Little is known about the diversity and status of endemic freshwater fishes which are valuable bio-indicators of ecosystem health and an integral part of a country’s natural heritage. Some of the less studied areas i...Little is known about the diversity and status of endemic freshwater fishes which are valuable bio-indicators of ecosystem health and an integral part of a country’s natural heritage. Some of the less studied areas in the Philippines are the river systems in the Cordillera which are equally important as that of the other freshwater systems in the country. Amburayan River in Kapangan, Benguet is one of the rivers in the said region. Thus assessment study of the diversity of macro aquatic species was conducted to provide a baseline data in the formulation of resource management strategies and polices. By using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study determined and identified the presence of macro species in the study area. It applied the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) procedures in the gathering of samples while identification and determination of fish stocks were done by morphometric analysis of the catch with the help of available references and assistance of experts. This is later verified through submission of samples to the National Fisheries Research Development Institute (NFRDI) as part of the NSAP areas for DNA analysis. The measurement of the impacts of human activities to the river systems was done using the checklist method by Smith and Smith. The study found that there is low biodiversity of macro aquatic species in the area because of the presence of introduced species, illegal fishing practices, quarrying and mining activities. There are also no indigenous or traditional management measures conducted to conserve the river ecosystem biodiversity. The study recommended that similar study be done in other areas of the river and that the government agencies to undertake fisheries programs which would regulate the exploitation and utilization and allow regeneration of macro aquatic species in the river system.展开更多
The study focused on the elements of nationalist consciousness as the language of indifference in Philippine literature through the works of select contemporary Filipino writers.Identified masterpieces of the Don Carl...The study focused on the elements of nationalist consciousness as the language of indifference in Philippine literature through the works of select contemporary Filipino writers.Identified masterpieces of the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature 1 awardees that have Marxist tendencies were evaluated using the Marxist Literary Approach to identify the elements of nationalist consciousness and to deduce the implications on the relationship of literature and society.The elements of nationalist consciousness were identified by taking in consideration the main struggles of the characters which were revealed in the characters’lines.These were classified using a researcher-made checklist.Common and recurring themes like class struggle,injustice,wanton disregard for human worth,indifference,moral degradation,political unrest,insurgency,inequality,exploitation,harassment,police brutality,poverty,and violence were considered negative elements as they mirror the struggles of the oppressed and abused characters.The significant contribution of the study lies in its richness in values,realities,and insights into human experiences as it ascertained the socio-economic problems embedded in the works.Evidently as concluded,reforms,justice,and true peace were found absent in the works and these were the essential values that the characters and personas tried to find as they relate with other characters.Fundamentally,literature and society are inseparable and that literary prisms can be vehicles of change in the society.展开更多
The objective of the research was to assess the major participants in the Longganisa (Pork Sausage) industry in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The study employed direct interviews using a structured survey questionnair...The objective of the research was to assess the major participants in the Longganisa (Pork Sausage) industry in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The study employed direct interviews using a structured survey questionnaire, targeting input providers, growers, hog dealers/traders, processors, vendors, and consumers. These interviews helped to map out the specific value chain for Longganisa in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. Recommendations were provided to address the identified gaps and enhance the Longganisa industry in Cabanatuan City. The Longganisa industry serves as a valuable means of livelihood and income for small-scale meat processors and vendors in the city. The support provided by the Local Government Unit (LGU), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and Cabanatuan City Supermarket Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative (C2SVMPC) has proven immensely beneficial to the Longganisa industry. This support encompasses technical assistance, financial aid, promotional activities, and the provision of facilities, all aimed at enhancing the industry’s adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and overall improvement.展开更多
BACKGROUNDANDOBJECTIVE: To assess surgical and visual outcomeswith pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in closed-globe injuries resulting in anterior and posterior segment pathologies and evaluate the factors influencing the ...BACKGROUNDANDOBJECTIVE: To assess surgical and visual outcomeswith pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in closed-globe injuries resulting in anterior and posterior segment pathologies and evaluate the factors influencing the prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective ob servational study. Fortyseven eyes of 47 consecutive patients who underwent PPV because of closed-globe injury between January 1992 and August 2003 were reviewed. Surgical and visual outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed according to the Ocular Trauma Classification System. RESULTS: Preoperative visual acuity was less than 4/200 in 49%of eyes, classified as grades IV to V After surgery, this ratio was 23%(P < .05)-. Final visual acuity was statistically significantly better in grade I (P=.0001), grade II (P=.002), and relative afferent pupillary defect-negative (P=.0001) injuries. Maculopathy was the most common adverse outcome influencing final visual acuity (32%), followed by secondary glaucoma (13%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (8%). CONCLUSION: PPV is a favorable treatment modality in severe closed-globe injuries. Assessment of injuries with respect to the Ocular Trauma Classification System seemed to predict visual outcomes in this series.展开更多
A rare side effect of betamethasone applied subconjunctivally is described. A 51-year-old man who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye 2 m onths previously developed graft rejection and was treated b...A rare side effect of betamethasone applied subconjunctivally is described. A 51-year-old man who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye 2 m onths previously developed graft rejection and was treated by subconjunctival in jection of beta methasone. Within 2 weeks, the patient complained of conjunctival hyperemia and irritation. Biomicroscopic examination revealed conjunctival and subconjunctival necrosis with white necrotic tissue at the subconjunctival corticosteroid injec tion site. Simple debridement and primarywound closure of the involved area resu lted in complete healing. Ophthalmologists should be aware that subconjunctival injection of betamethasone may cause conjunctival necrosis.展开更多
Mushrooms are known to be utilized by ethnic communities and Paracelis,Mountain Province is one of the places in Philippines inhabited by several of these native groups.Many studies have been conducted on various macr...Mushrooms are known to be utilized by ethnic communities and Paracelis,Mountain Province is one of the places in Philippines inhabited by several of these native groups.Many studies have been conducted on various macrofungi,however no studies have been reported about Fomitopsis feei in the Philippines particularly in Paracelis,Mountain Province.It is a brown-rot bracket fungus,belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae,characterized by a sessile effuse-reflexed basidiomata,with its color ranging from white to pinkish or brown.This mushroom has been reported to have antimicrobial properties,hence optimization of its culture condition could lead to its mass production for its biopharmaceutical potential.In order to develop a mass cultivation protocol of this mushroom,this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for its mycelial growth.The effect of different culture media using local substrates and evaluating environmental factors such as pH,aeration,illumination,and temperature were assessed.Optimum conditions for the secondary mycelial growth of F.feei produced very thick and largest radial growth on coconut water gelatin(CWG)medium(83.57 mm)at pH 6.5(83.13 mm),in sealed(85 mm),dark conditions(85.00 mm)at room temperature(28-32℃)(81.96 mm).The most abundant mycelial growth was found in cracked corn as grain spawning material.This study also determined the teratogenic and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of F.feei against the zebra fish(Danio rerio)embryos and brine shrimp(Artemia salina)nauplii.Fomitopsis feei exhibited teratogenic effects against the developing D.rerio embryos wherein growth retardation,malformation of tail,yolk deformity,pericardial edema,curved body,scoliosis and little pigmentation were the notable teratogenic effects of the ethanol extract to the developing embryos.Embryos treated with≥1000 ppm recorded high mortality rate.Hatchability was most evident at lower concentrations≤750 ppm.In terms of heartbeat,as the concentration of the extract increased,the heartbeat rate significantly decreased.For the cytotoxicity,1250 ppm has the highest mortality rate with 73.33%.Using probit analysis,the LC_(50)is 534.676 ppm which is considered as mildly toxic.Thus,F.feei in higher concentrations exhibit toxic effect.These results indicate that F.feei has a pharmaceutical potential and could be harnessed for its bioactivities.展开更多
文摘The search for potential and inexhaustible sources of bioactive compounds with great functional activities is imperative for potential drug leads in treating various human diseases.In this regard,this study investigated the optimum liquid medium and physical culture conditions for the mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd for nutraceutical studies.The greatest mycelial biomass was achieved in PSB liquid medium among the indigenous media evaluated,such as potato sucrose broth(PSB),corn meal broth(CMB),rice bran broth(RBB),and coconut water(CW).In terms of pH,X.papulis Lloyd was observed to grow in a wide range of pH(5.0−8.5),but the best mycelial growth was observed at pH 6.5.Room temperature of 28℃,lighted(137 lux),and static conditions were the other optimum physical culture conditions for mycelial growth of X.papulis Lloyd.
基金funded by the National Research,Development and Innovation Office(NKFIH FK 142428 grant)The contribution of Z.B.was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and by the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research,Development and Innovation Fund(ÚNKP-23-5-SZTE-697)+2 种基金K.F.was supported by the New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research,Development and Innovation Fund(ÚNKP-23-3-SZTE-441)C.T.was supported by the NKFIH K 146137 grantA.E-V.was supported by the long-term research development project of the Czech Academy of Sciences(RVO 67985939).
文摘Topographic complexity supports the maintenance of a high diversity of microhabitats,which may act as important‘safe havens’-or microrefugia-for biodiversity.Microrefugia are sites with specific environmental conditions that facilitate the persistence of species during environmental changes and exhibit unique ecoevolutionary dynamics.However,our knowledge about how topographic complexity and related ecoevolutionary selective forces influence the functional and phylogenetic signatures of species assemblages in microrefugia is very limited.Although the conceptual framework on the systematic integration of plant functional traits into the study of refugia is well established,more empirical studies on functional trait composition and functional diversity in refugia are urgently needed for more effective conservation.Here we analyzed the distribution of various plant functional traits and phylogenetic patterns in microhabitats(south-and north-facing slopes,and bottoms)of 30 large topographic depressions(i.e.doline microrefugia)and microhabitats of the surrounding plateaus in two distant forested karst regions.We found that plant assemblages in the understory of dolines and their surroundings are characterized by unique functional values and combinations of traits.Doline bottoms had the highest functional diversity among doline microhabitats and supported plant assemblages with considerably different trait compositions from the plateaus.Bottoms also had the highest phylogenetic diversity.These results suggest that topographic complexity in forested dolines has a significant effect on the distribution of plant functional traits in the understory.High functional and phylogenetic diversity in doline bottoms can have important consequences for the long-term survival of plant populations,highlighting that these microhabitats may provide a higher resilience and support an adaptive community-level response to natural and anthropogenic stressors.Understanding mechanisms that drive the survival of species within microrefugia is required to determine the best conservation and management strategies.
基金the Australian Research Council (No.LP150100539)
文摘As mining delves deeper into the crust, it is necessary to investigate the complex rock responses associated with higher stress gradients. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms associated with the rockburst phenomenon. However, due to the large-scale and difficult monitoring of real mining excavations, laboratory scale tests must be utilised to determine the conditions conducive to burst. To this end, this research focuses on the implementation of a new rockburst testing apparatus to replicate the stress conditions of a rock mass excavation at the time of bursting. This apparatus allows the determination of rockburst stresses and a relationship between deviatoric stress and in-situ pressure/depth. Using this relationship it is then possible to estimate the standardised stress levels for a certain rock type which might lead to rockburst occurrence. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that with increasing in-situ pressure, the likelihood(measured as a lower differential stress) and the extent(indicated by the increasing range of deviatoric stress) of rockburst increases. These findings provide valuable information about the conditions necessary for bursting in deep mining.
文摘The Philippines is one of the most hazard prone and vulnerable countries in the world to climate change effects due to its geographical location. Climate change is already happening and affecting many places causing huge problems to coastal ecosystems. Vulnerability and disaster assessment and mapping in coastal areas are essential tasks and undertakings for coastal disaster risk management. The objectives of this study were to assess the climate change vulnerability and disaster risks in the four municipalities (Sta. Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc and Palauig) of Zambales and to determine the climate change community-based adaptation (CBA) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) strategies. Remote sensing, GIS, secondary data gathering and key informant interview were used to assess vulnerability and disaster risks and mapping in the four municipalities. Survey questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview were utilized in gathering data for the determination of climate change adaptation strategies. Using remote sensing technology, it was revealed that coastline changes have occurred in the shorelines of the four coastal municipalities after a decade. Sea level rise happened in Sta. Cruz and Masinloc, Zambales while there was build-up of soil in the coastline of Candelaria and Palauig, Zambales. Twelve hazard maps, 12 vulnerability maps and 12 disaster risk maps were generated for the three major disasters (flood, landslide, storm surge) in the four coastal municipalities. Based on the flood vulnerability and disaster risk assessment, the municipality of Palauig was found to be the most prone to flooding while the municipality of Candelaria was found to be the most vulnerable to landslide compared to other municipalities. All coastal barangays in the four municipalities were susceptible to storm surge. The four coastal municipalities were conducting community-based adaptation (CBA) and ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) approaches in order to protect their coastal resources from the damaging impacts of climate change and improve the resilience of their local communities.
文摘In the last decade, the Philippines had been hit severely by natural disasters brought about by climate change which caused great damages to agriculture. The objectives of the study were to assess climate change impacts and vulnerability of Bongabon, Gabaldon and Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija;to assess the vulnerability and suitability of growing various crops, goats and chicken;to generate vulnerability and suitability maps;and to validate the maps produced. A comprehensive scoping, profiling, vulnerability assessment and crop, chicken and goat suitability assessment of the municipalities and agroecosystems of the study sites was done. Generation and validation of the vulnerability and suitability maps were also conducted. Results revealed that Bongabon obtained moderate vulnerability to floods and typhoon while low vulnerability to drought and soil erosion. Gabaldon had moderate vulnerability to floods, soil erosion and drought while low vulnerability to typhoon. Cabanatuan City attained moderate vulnerability to floods and drought while low vulnerability to typhoon. There were four crops suitable to grow in the current condition with flood and landslide hazards and in the two projected future scenarios (RCP 4.5 with good conditions and RCP 8.5 with the worst conditions). Only three crops are highly suitable to grow in Gabaldon for the future conditions while in Cabanatuan City four crops are very suitable for the three situations. Native chicken and goats are highly suitable to raise in the three study sites for the three conditions. There were 16 vulnerability maps developed and generated in Bongabon, 16 in Gabaldon and only 12 in Cabanatuan City. Furthermore, 21 crop, chicken and goat suitability maps were produced in Bongabon, 27 maps in Gabaldon and 21 maps in Cabanatuan City. Overall, validation of the maps in the study sites had high accuracy.
文摘Climate change continues to intensify existing disaster risks and vulnerabilities in the Philippines. Thus, implementation of climate change adaptation strategies is vital to counter the effects of climate change. It is in this context that this study was undertaken to analyze the need or urgency to adopt community and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies among selected coastal barangays (villages) of Masinloc, Zambales, Philippines. Various methods of data collection were utilized such as secondary data collection, primary data collection through household survey, key informant interviews, and focus group. Results of the study indicate that in terms of community-based adaptation strategies, all of the seven barangays in Masinloc have moderate necessity. However, only Barangays Bani and Collat have high adaptation capacity in terms of infrastructure and disaster preparedness. The execution of several community-based adaptation strategies helps these barangays to respond immediately and appropriately to the moderate risk posed by floods and storm surges. On the other hand, in terms of ecosystem-based adaptation strategies, all of the seven barangays have moderate necessity which implies that they have moderate vulnerability and risk to flood and storm surge but have high adaptation capacity in terms of the conservation and protection of coastal resources (mangroves and sea grasses). The barangays implemented the necessary ecosystem-based adaptation mechanisms that they might need in the future. This only means that when they are faced with disaster, the local communities are prepared to respond appropriately and to cope up with the effects of extreme weather events which lead to floods and storm surge. Even though most of the ecosystem-based adaptation strategies are conducted by the seven barangays, there are several community-based adaptation strategies that are still lacking which will protect them from the effect of floods and storm surges. Hence, carrying out the missing adaptation strategies, both community-based and ecosystem-based, will help in improving the adaptive capacity of the affected barangays and will help them become more resilient to the amplified effects of climate change.
文摘Land, surface waters, and ground water worldwide, are increasingly affected by contaminations from industrial, research experiments, military, and agricultural activities either due to ignorance, lack of vision, carelessness, or high cost of waste disposal and treatment. The rapid build-up of toxic pollutants (metals, radionuclide, and organic contaminants in soil, surface water, and ground water) not only affects natural resources, but also causes major strains on ecosystems. Interest in phytoremediation as a method to solve environmental contamination has been growing rapidly in recent years. This green technology that involved “tolerant plants” has been utilized to clean up soil and ground water from heavy metals and other toxic organic compounds. Phytoremediation involves growing plants in a contaminated matrix to remove environmental contaminants by facilitating sequestration and/or degradation (detoxification) of the pollutants. Plants are unique organisms equipped with remarkable metabolic and absorption capabilities, as well as transport systems that can take up nutrients or contaminants selectively from the growth matrix, soil or water. As extensive as these benefits are, the costs of using plants along with other concerns like climatic restrictions that may limit growing of plants and slow speed in comparison with conventional methods (i.e., physical and chemical treatment) for bioremediation must be considered carefully. While the benefits of using phytoremediation to restore balance to a stressed environment seem to far outweigh the cost, the largest barrier to the advancement of phytoremediation could be the public opposition. The long-term implication of green plant technology in removing or sequestering environmental contaminations must be addressed thoroughly. As with all new technology, it is important to proceed with caution.
文摘The Philippines has a geographical and geological setting of a typhoon-prone country. Tropical cyclones have a high incidence of passing through the Philippine islands during the months of September to November with an average time overland at 11 hours north of 14.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span> contrasted to 20 hours south of 14.5<span style="white-space:nowrap;">°</span>. Due to the frequent occurrence of typhoons and tropical cyclones in this country, most of the provinces of the Philippines experience flood-related disasters that affect the people, their livelihood and many infrastructures. It is deemed necessary for the Philippines to come up with strategies to prevent further damage to its people and their properties. In this study, through the use of important parameters such as earth observations, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) and Geographic Information System (GIS), assessment of buildings in Dagupan, the Philippines with the possibility of being affected by floods during different typhoon scenarios was done. GIS overlay analysis of the CLSU Phil-LiDAR 1 Project outputs, the 3D building GIS database, and flood hazard maps was done for the assessment. One (1) meter resolution LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), geo-tagged video captured data and high-resolution images in Google Earth were used for processing and analysis to produce a 3D building GIS database. HEC HMS and HEC RAS were used to develop flood models that were used to produce flood hazard maps with different hazard levels. The results of this study were the series of flood exposure maps and vulnerability maps with statistics at different rainfall scenarios. Moreover, the buildings that will be affected by flood in the area were quantified and these were categorized according to their type. It was observed that as the rainfall return period increases, the number of buildings predicted to be exposed and vulnerable to flood also increases. The houses, business establishments, government offices, hospitals and other building types that are at risk of being affected by the flood were counted. Through analysis, it was predicted that there is a higher risk of building exposure and vulnerability during the 100-year rainfall return period. Out of the 71,884 buildings extracted from the area, a predicted 69,214 buildings will be exposed to flood during the 100-year rainfall return period, 59,137 buildings, 9253 buildings, 824 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard level, respectively. Moreover, a total of 9297 buildings are foreseen to be vulnerable to flood, 4614 buildings, 4368 buildings, 315 buildings at low, medium and high flood hazard levels, respectively. The maps produced through the study are a valuable asset for the development and preparedness of the community in the Dagupan floodplain. Warnings and other information on evacuation measures will be easier to disseminate through the use of the produced maps in this study.
文摘The Municipality of Carranglan is a rural community where agriculture is the main source of livelihood. The Kalanguya Ancestral Domain (KAD) is also located in the area, and it provides a home for the Kalanguya indigenous cultural community. They have fled to the area for a variety of reasons. Despite its rural setting, Carranglan is regarded as a first-class municipality and the largest municipality in Nueva Ecija. This study described and documented the socio-economic profile, and existing issues and problems the Kalanguya Indigenous Peoples (IPs) experienced in their milieu, especially in terms of environmental protection. Recognizing and valuing their perspectives is vital for inclusive development. This study also situated the current status and conditions of the IPs, who generally live below the poverty line and face a range of plights and challenges. As part of safeguarding indigenous rights and interests, this study was undertaken after series of consultations with community elders and leaders. Key informant interviews, household surveys, semi-structured interviews, focused-group discussion (FGD), and direct observations were used to elicit information. Many of the respondents are elementary undergraduates which show that the community had lacked access to education. The following are the primary socioeconomic issues confronting IPs: insufficient access to potable water, suboptimal agricultural productivity, meager monthly income, and a dearth of supplementary and alternative livelihood opportunities. Forest fires, landslides, encroachment of illegal loggers, and concerns about wildlife resources are some of the current environmental issues they have encountered. The local population was supportive of plans and actions targeted at improving the environment. This reveals that the IPs possess unique indigenous forest expertise that enables them to properly manage natural resources.
文摘This study traced the special rice value chain, described the various players’ roles, assessed the identified chains’ performance, determined the constraints and opportunities, and identified interventions to improve the special rice value chain in the province. Key informant interviews with government and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and surveys among different special rice value chain players were done. The special rice industry in Nueva Ecija is relatively limited and consists of aromatic, pigmented, and glutinous rice. The value chain mapping for special rice in Nueva Ecija starts downstream (traders) and moves upstream (input provider). Some of the identified constraints within the market levels of the chain are as follows: Farmers’ limited access to affordable yet quality seeds, the volatility of the price of paddy rice in the market, and the rapid changes in the prices of production inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and others. Moreover, natural factors like typhoons, floods, droughts, insect pests, and weeds were noted. One major problem identified by the institutional buyers was the limited demand for special rice. To improve competitiveness, the special rice industry should focus on developing and promoting pest-resistant varieties and cost-reducing technologies. Furthermore, promoting special rice among consumers is needed to increase demand and encourage more farmers to engage in special rice production. The government agencies should continue supporting special rice farmers not only in production but also in postharvest and marketing aspects. Provision of seminars, trainings, and machinery related to special rice is recommended. Regression analysis using backward method of analysis was found to be significant in three (3) variables, namely, household size, years in school, and labor.
文摘Low income is the main problem of millions of farmers who are cultivating 4.81 million hectares in the Philippines. This problem is attributed to challenges specifically low yield, low quality of produce, and significant post-harvest losses, particularly in a resource-scarce setting. This study aimed to help increase the farmers’ income in selected towns of Nueva Ecija through the promotion and use of special purpose rice production technology. Twenty (20) farmer-cooperators in three towns of Nueva Ecija were selected to demonstrate the production technology covering a total area of 4.75 hectares during the dry season, and 3.3 hectares during the wet season, both in 2023. Extension modalities such as training, techno-demo establishment, information material and technical assistance provision, and market linkage were undertaken to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and skills on special rice production and enterprise. The study utilized the descriptive quantitative method wherein the data were gathered through surveys, specifically personal interviews. Results showed that 70% of the farmer-cooperators were male and 60% were living below the poverty threshold. The farmers were 53 years old on average and engaged in farming as their primary source of income. The average yield of special purpose rice particularly the CLS-2 variety was higher (6.46 MT/ha and 6.22 MT/ha during dry and wet seasons, respectively) than that of inbred or non-special rice. The income per hectare from special purpose rice production per hectare was Php 75,420.00, which is higher than that of regular rice at Php 29,389.00, giving a higher benefit of Php 46,031.00. The technology adopters and area planted increased (from 6 to 9 and from 1.4 hectares to 2.75 hectares, respectively) in Licab, Nueva Ecija. The opposite was true in Sto. Domingo and Guimba, Nueva Ecija where farmers were discouraged by the marketing issues that arose.
文摘Little is known about the diversity and status of endemic freshwater fishes which are valuable bio-indicators of ecosystem health and an integral part of a country’s natural heritage. Some of the less studied areas in the Philippines are the river systems in the Cordillera which are equally important as that of the other freshwater systems in the country. Amburayan River in Kapangan, Benguet is one of the rivers in the said region. Thus assessment study of the diversity of macro aquatic species was conducted to provide a baseline data in the formulation of resource management strategies and polices. By using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study determined and identified the presence of macro species in the study area. It applied the National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP) procedures in the gathering of samples while identification and determination of fish stocks were done by morphometric analysis of the catch with the help of available references and assistance of experts. This is later verified through submission of samples to the National Fisheries Research Development Institute (NFRDI) as part of the NSAP areas for DNA analysis. The measurement of the impacts of human activities to the river systems was done using the checklist method by Smith and Smith. The study found that there is low biodiversity of macro aquatic species in the area because of the presence of introduced species, illegal fishing practices, quarrying and mining activities. There are also no indigenous or traditional management measures conducted to conserve the river ecosystem biodiversity. The study recommended that similar study be done in other areas of the river and that the government agencies to undertake fisheries programs which would regulate the exploitation and utilization and allow regeneration of macro aquatic species in the river system.
文摘The study focused on the elements of nationalist consciousness as the language of indifference in Philippine literature through the works of select contemporary Filipino writers.Identified masterpieces of the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature 1 awardees that have Marxist tendencies were evaluated using the Marxist Literary Approach to identify the elements of nationalist consciousness and to deduce the implications on the relationship of literature and society.The elements of nationalist consciousness were identified by taking in consideration the main struggles of the characters which were revealed in the characters’lines.These were classified using a researcher-made checklist.Common and recurring themes like class struggle,injustice,wanton disregard for human worth,indifference,moral degradation,political unrest,insurgency,inequality,exploitation,harassment,police brutality,poverty,and violence were considered negative elements as they mirror the struggles of the oppressed and abused characters.The significant contribution of the study lies in its richness in values,realities,and insights into human experiences as it ascertained the socio-economic problems embedded in the works.Evidently as concluded,reforms,justice,and true peace were found absent in the works and these were the essential values that the characters and personas tried to find as they relate with other characters.Fundamentally,literature and society are inseparable and that literary prisms can be vehicles of change in the society.
文摘The objective of the research was to assess the major participants in the Longganisa (Pork Sausage) industry in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The study employed direct interviews using a structured survey questionnaire, targeting input providers, growers, hog dealers/traders, processors, vendors, and consumers. These interviews helped to map out the specific value chain for Longganisa in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. Recommendations were provided to address the identified gaps and enhance the Longganisa industry in Cabanatuan City. The Longganisa industry serves as a valuable means of livelihood and income for small-scale meat processors and vendors in the city. The support provided by the Local Government Unit (LGU), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), and Cabanatuan City Supermarket Vendors Multi-Purpose Cooperative (C2SVMPC) has proven immensely beneficial to the Longganisa industry. This support encompasses technical assistance, financial aid, promotional activities, and the provision of facilities, all aimed at enhancing the industry’s adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and overall improvement.
文摘BACKGROUNDANDOBJECTIVE: To assess surgical and visual outcomeswith pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in closed-globe injuries resulting in anterior and posterior segment pathologies and evaluate the factors influencing the prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective ob servational study. Fortyseven eyes of 47 consecutive patients who underwent PPV because of closed-globe injury between January 1992 and August 2003 were reviewed. Surgical and visual outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed according to the Ocular Trauma Classification System. RESULTS: Preoperative visual acuity was less than 4/200 in 49%of eyes, classified as grades IV to V After surgery, this ratio was 23%(P < .05)-. Final visual acuity was statistically significantly better in grade I (P=.0001), grade II (P=.002), and relative afferent pupillary defect-negative (P=.0001) injuries. Maculopathy was the most common adverse outcome influencing final visual acuity (32%), followed by secondary glaucoma (13%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy (8%). CONCLUSION: PPV is a favorable treatment modality in severe closed-globe injuries. Assessment of injuries with respect to the Ocular Trauma Classification System seemed to predict visual outcomes in this series.
文摘A rare side effect of betamethasone applied subconjunctivally is described. A 51-year-old man who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye 2 m onths previously developed graft rejection and was treated by subconjunctival in jection of beta methasone. Within 2 weeks, the patient complained of conjunctival hyperemia and irritation. Biomicroscopic examination revealed conjunctival and subconjunctival necrosis with white necrotic tissue at the subconjunctival corticosteroid injec tion site. Simple debridement and primarywound closure of the involved area resu lted in complete healing. Ophthalmologists should be aware that subconjunctival injection of betamethasone may cause conjunctival necrosis.
文摘Mushrooms are known to be utilized by ethnic communities and Paracelis,Mountain Province is one of the places in Philippines inhabited by several of these native groups.Many studies have been conducted on various macrofungi,however no studies have been reported about Fomitopsis feei in the Philippines particularly in Paracelis,Mountain Province.It is a brown-rot bracket fungus,belonging to the family Fomitopsidaceae,characterized by a sessile effuse-reflexed basidiomata,with its color ranging from white to pinkish or brown.This mushroom has been reported to have antimicrobial properties,hence optimization of its culture condition could lead to its mass production for its biopharmaceutical potential.In order to develop a mass cultivation protocol of this mushroom,this study was conducted to determine the optimum conditions for its mycelial growth.The effect of different culture media using local substrates and evaluating environmental factors such as pH,aeration,illumination,and temperature were assessed.Optimum conditions for the secondary mycelial growth of F.feei produced very thick and largest radial growth on coconut water gelatin(CWG)medium(83.57 mm)at pH 6.5(83.13 mm),in sealed(85 mm),dark conditions(85.00 mm)at room temperature(28-32℃)(81.96 mm).The most abundant mycelial growth was found in cracked corn as grain spawning material.This study also determined the teratogenic and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of F.feei against the zebra fish(Danio rerio)embryos and brine shrimp(Artemia salina)nauplii.Fomitopsis feei exhibited teratogenic effects against the developing D.rerio embryos wherein growth retardation,malformation of tail,yolk deformity,pericardial edema,curved body,scoliosis and little pigmentation were the notable teratogenic effects of the ethanol extract to the developing embryos.Embryos treated with≥1000 ppm recorded high mortality rate.Hatchability was most evident at lower concentrations≤750 ppm.In terms of heartbeat,as the concentration of the extract increased,the heartbeat rate significantly decreased.For the cytotoxicity,1250 ppm has the highest mortality rate with 73.33%.Using probit analysis,the LC_(50)is 534.676 ppm which is considered as mildly toxic.Thus,F.feei in higher concentrations exhibit toxic effect.These results indicate that F.feei has a pharmaceutical potential and could be harnessed for its bioactivities.
