Objective:To evaluate the effects of Stellera chamaejasme L.(S.chamaejasme,Rui Xiang Lang Du)extract on hair growth in a mouse model.Methods:The extract was prepared using 95%ethanol and topically applied as a 1%or 3%...Objective:To evaluate the effects of Stellera chamaejasme L.(S.chamaejasme,Rui Xiang Lang Du)extract on hair growth in a mouse model.Methods:The extract was prepared using 95%ethanol and topically applied as a 1%or 3%solution to the dorsal skin of shaved mice for 16 consecutive days.A control mouse group received an equal volume of vehicle for the same period.After 16 days,the dorsal skin was histologically examined through hematoxylin-eosin staining.Further,quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed on skin tissue lysates to evaluate the expression levels of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in hair growth,including WNT10A,noggin(NOG),transforming growth factor-β receptor 1(TBR1),epidermal growth factor(EGF),versican,fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10),lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1(LEF1),and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β).Results:Compared with vehicle,S.chamaejasme extract dose-dependently enhanced hair growth.Histological analysis revealed that S.chamaejasme extract increased the number and diameter of hair follicles in subcutaneous tissue,as well as dermal layer thickness,which are indicative of anagen phase induction.Additionally,S.chamaejasme extract upregulated the mRNA expression levels of WNT10A,NOG,TBR1,EFG,FGF10,LEF1,and TGF-β.Conclusion:The results suggest that S.chamaejasme extract could be a potential treatment for promoting hair growth.展开更多
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers.Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones...Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers.Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network.Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems,newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms.Here,we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens.Because of their different lifestyles,effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs,and vice versa.Given these opposing forces,the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen,a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect.We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance,regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.展开更多
Pathogen effectors target diverse subcellular organelles to manipulate the plant immune system.Although the nucleolus has emerged as a stress marker and several effectors are localized in the nucleolus,the roles of nu...Pathogen effectors target diverse subcellular organelles to manipulate the plant immune system.Although the nucleolus has emerged as a stress marker and several effectors are localized in the nucleolus,the roles of nucleolar-targeted effectors remain elusive.In this study,we showed that Phytophthora infestans infection of Nicotiana benthamiana results in nucleolar inflation during the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase.Multiple P.infestans effectors were localized in the nucleolus:Pi23226 induced cell death in N.benthamiana and nucleolar inflation similar to that observed in the necrotrophic stage of infection,whereas its homolog Pi23015 and a deletion mutant(Pi23226DC)did not induce cell death or affect nucleolar size.RNA immunoprecipitation and individual-nucleotide-resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis indicated that Pi23226 bound to the 30 end of 25S rRNA precursors,resulting in accumulation of unprocessed 27S pre-rRNAs.The nucleolar stress marker NAC082 was strongly upregulated under Pi23226-expressing conditions.Pi23226 subsequently inhibited global protein translation in host cells by interacting with ribosomes.Pi23226 enhanced P.infestans pathogenicity,indicating that Pi23226-induced ribosome malfunction and cell death were beneficial for pathogenesis in the host.Our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanism underlying RNA-binding effector activity in host ribosome biogenesis and lead to new insights into the nucleolar action of effectors in pathogenesis.展开更多
Plants are continuously exposed to numerous biotic stresses throughout their growth.Through arms race-driven coevolution with pathogens,plants have developed sophisticated immune systems,including pathogen-associated ...Plants are continuously exposed to numerous biotic stresses throughout their growth.Through arms race-driven coevolution with pathogens,plants have developed sophisticated immune systems,including pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).PTI is initiated by the binding of danger signals to extracellular membrane-localized receptors calledpattern recognition receptors(PRRs).PTI triggers responses,including reactive oxygen species(ROS)bursts and the expression of defenseassociated genes.However,pathogens adapted to PTl secrete virulence proteins,effectors,to aid colonization,and ETl is then triggered by the recognition of these effectors by resistance proteins with a nucleotide-binding domain leucinerich repeat receptor(NLR).To circumvent this immune response,pathogens secrete various effectors into the host intracellular region and induce effector-triggered susceptibility(Zhou and Zhang.,2020).Currently,research on plant immunity has been primarily focused on plasma membrane and cytoplasmlocalized proteins,including oligomeric NLRs,resistosomes,and the secretion mechanisms of cytoplasmic effectors.展开更多
基金supported by an intramural research grant(Development of Data Utilization Technology for Natural Product Research,2E33521)from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)the data were deposited in the KIST Dashboard.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the effects of Stellera chamaejasme L.(S.chamaejasme,Rui Xiang Lang Du)extract on hair growth in a mouse model.Methods:The extract was prepared using 95%ethanol and topically applied as a 1%or 3%solution to the dorsal skin of shaved mice for 16 consecutive days.A control mouse group received an equal volume of vehicle for the same period.After 16 days,the dorsal skin was histologically examined through hematoxylin-eosin staining.Further,quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed on skin tissue lysates to evaluate the expression levels of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in hair growth,including WNT10A,noggin(NOG),transforming growth factor-β receptor 1(TBR1),epidermal growth factor(EGF),versican,fibroblast growth factor 10(FGF10),lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1(LEF1),and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β).Results:Compared with vehicle,S.chamaejasme extract dose-dependently enhanced hair growth.Histological analysis revealed that S.chamaejasme extract increased the number and diameter of hair follicles in subcutaneous tissue,as well as dermal layer thickness,which are indicative of anagen phase induction.Additionally,S.chamaejasme extract upregulated the mRNA expression levels of WNT10A,NOG,TBR1,EFG,FGF10,LEF1,and TGF-β.Conclusion:The results suggest that S.chamaejasme extract could be a potential treatment for promoting hair growth.
基金supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(2018R1A5A1023599,2020R1A2B5B03096402,and 2021M3H9A1096935 to Y.-H.L.and 2019R1I1A1A01059802 to C.-Y.K.).C.-Y.K.is grateful for a graduate fellowship from the Brain Korea 21 Plus Program.
文摘Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers.Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network.Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems,newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms.Here,we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens.Because of their different lifestyles,effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs,and vice versa.Given these opposing forces,the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen,a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect.We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance,regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(NRF-2018R1A5A1023599[SRC],NRF-2021R1A2B5B03001613,and NRF-2019R1C1C1008698).
文摘Pathogen effectors target diverse subcellular organelles to manipulate the plant immune system.Although the nucleolus has emerged as a stress marker and several effectors are localized in the nucleolus,the roles of nucleolar-targeted effectors remain elusive.In this study,we showed that Phytophthora infestans infection of Nicotiana benthamiana results in nucleolar inflation during the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase.Multiple P.infestans effectors were localized in the nucleolus:Pi23226 induced cell death in N.benthamiana and nucleolar inflation similar to that observed in the necrotrophic stage of infection,whereas its homolog Pi23015 and a deletion mutant(Pi23226DC)did not induce cell death or affect nucleolar size.RNA immunoprecipitation and individual-nucleotide-resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis indicated that Pi23226 bound to the 30 end of 25S rRNA precursors,resulting in accumulation of unprocessed 27S pre-rRNAs.The nucleolar stress marker NAC082 was strongly upregulated under Pi23226-expressing conditions.Pi23226 subsequently inhibited global protein translation in host cells by interacting with ribosomes.Pi23226 enhanced P.infestans pathogenicity,indicating that Pi23226-induced ribosome malfunction and cell death were beneficial for pathogenesis in the host.Our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanism underlying RNA-binding effector activity in host ribosome biogenesis and lead to new insights into the nucleolar action of effectors in pathogenesis.
基金the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(MSIT)(2018R1A5A1023599 and RS-2023-00275965 to Y.-H.L.and RS-2023-00246565 to Y.-J.L.).
文摘Plants are continuously exposed to numerous biotic stresses throughout their growth.Through arms race-driven coevolution with pathogens,plants have developed sophisticated immune systems,including pathogen-associated molecular pattern(PAMP)-triggered immunity(PTI)and effector-triggered immunity(ETI).PTI is initiated by the binding of danger signals to extracellular membrane-localized receptors calledpattern recognition receptors(PRRs).PTI triggers responses,including reactive oxygen species(ROS)bursts and the expression of defenseassociated genes.However,pathogens adapted to PTl secrete virulence proteins,effectors,to aid colonization,and ETl is then triggered by the recognition of these effectors by resistance proteins with a nucleotide-binding domain leucinerich repeat receptor(NLR).To circumvent this immune response,pathogens secrete various effectors into the host intracellular region and induce effector-triggered susceptibility(Zhou and Zhang.,2020).Currently,research on plant immunity has been primarily focused on plasma membrane and cytoplasmlocalized proteins,including oligomeric NLRs,resistosomes,and the secretion mechanisms of cytoplasmic effectors.
