A new similar single-difference mathematical model (SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithmare advanced to solve the deformationof monitoring point directly in singleepoch. The method for building theSSDM is introduced...A new similar single-difference mathematical model (SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithmare advanced to solve the deformationof monitoring point directly in singleepoch. The method for building theSSDM is introduced in detail, and themain error sources affecting the accu-racy of deformation measurement areanalyzed briefly, and the basic algo-rithm and steps of solving the deform-ation are discussed.In order to validate the correctnessand the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with fivedual frequency receivers is carried outon a slideway which moved in plane inFeb. 2001. In the test,five sessions areobserved. The numerical results oftest data show that the advanced mod-el is correct.展开更多
This paper discusses the features and relevant theories of GIS spatial data model based on hypergraph,etc.The integrated concept model based on hypergraph and object_oriented model (HOOM) is proposed by the authors.Th...This paper discusses the features and relevant theories of GIS spatial data model based on hypergraph,etc.The integrated concept model based on hypergraph and object_oriented model (HOOM) is proposed by the authors.The principal contribution of this paper is that we study the K_section and other theories of hypergraph.An application example using HOOM is given at the end of the paper.展开更多
This paper gives some guidelines of land use planning firstly.A framework of agriculture land use planning is designed based on land use suitability evaluation using integrated technologies of RS and GIS.Further work ...This paper gives some guidelines of land use planning firstly.A framework of agriculture land use planning is designed based on land use suitability evaluation using integrated technologies of RS and GIS.Further work expected is also given.展开更多
Parallel machine problems with a single server and release times are generalizations of classical parallel machine problems. Before processing, each job must be loaded on a machine, which takes a certain release times...Parallel machine problems with a single server and release times are generalizations of classical parallel machine problems. Before processing, each job must be loaded on a machine, which takes a certain release times and a certain setup times. All these setups have to be done by a single server, which can handle at most one job at a time. In this paper, we continue studying the complexity result for parallel machine problem with a single and release times. New complexity results are derived for special cases.展开更多
The geometric and physical analysis methods are conventional methods for the derivation of skeleton lines in the fields of cartography,digital photogrammetry,and related areas.This paper proposes a stepwise approach t...The geometric and physical analysis methods are conventional methods for the derivation of skeleton lines in the fields of cartography,digital photogrammetry,and related areas.This paper proposes a stepwise approach that uses the physical analysis method in the first stage and the geometric analysis method in the subsequent stage.The physical analysis method analyses the terrain globally to obtain a rough set of skeleton lines for a terrain surface.The rough skeleton lines help to structure the ordering of feature points by the geometric analysis method.展开更多
Segmentation and edge regulation are studied deeply to extract buildings fromDSM data produced in this paper. Building segmentation is the first step to extract buildings, anda new segmentation method-adaptive iterati...Segmentation and edge regulation are studied deeply to extract buildings fromDSM data produced in this paper. Building segmentation is the first step to extract buildings, anda new segmentation method-adaptive iterative segmentation considering rati-o mean square-is proposedto extract the contour of buildings effectively. A sub-image (such as 50X50 pixels) of the image isprocessed in sequence, the average gray level and its ratio mean square are calculated first, thenthreshold of the sub-image is selected by using iterative threshold segmentation. The current pixelis segmented according to the threshold, the average gray level and the ratio mean square of thesub-image. The edge points of the building are grouped according to the azimuth of neighbor points,and then the optimal azimuth of the points that belong to the same group can be calculated by usingline interpolation.展开更多
Texture extract from digital aerial image is widely used in three-dimensional city modeling to generate “photo-realistic” views. In this paper, a method based on reforming “Steep edge” curve, which clearly explain...Texture extract from digital aerial image is widely used in three-dimensional city modeling to generate “photo-realistic” views. In this paper, a method based on reforming “Steep edge” curve, which clearly explains how the diffraction of the sunlight makes digital aerial image blurring, is proposed to deblur the texture extraction from digital aerial image, and the experiment shows a good result in visualization and automation.展开更多
The international arbitration, as a kind of the methods to resolve the disputes in the international society,is flourished in recent years. On the basis of the international arbitration's features, the jurisdictio...The international arbitration, as a kind of the methods to resolve the disputes in the international society,is flourished in recent years. On the basis of the international arbitration's features, the jurisdiction to relevant to the political issues is omission in the session of the disputes. Increasing of the disputes express to the globalization of the economy in the world. Not only do the position of the arbitration and the parties of the cases come from the region, but also the Europe as the traditional arbitration center,replaced by the Pacific/Asia region. The reason of the trend developing for the international arbitration results from the international arbitration's feature--- the forum is neutral, treaty ensures enforcement abroad and no appeal, limited discover. Less time consuming, greater degree of the voluntary compli-ance, procedure is less costly and the result are more predictable.展开更多
Nutritional support is an essential part of the management of anycritically ill patient,Severe muscle wasting and immune suppression are prominent features of critical illness and are difficult to prevent.The introduc...Nutritional support is an essential part of the management of anycritically ill patient,Severe muscle wasting and immune suppression are prominent features of critical illness and are difficult to prevent.The introduction of parenteral nutrition and hyperalimentation in the 1970s was initially thought to be an effective solution to this problem.However,there is little evidence of any improvement in outcome associated iwth the use of conventional parenteral nutrition in this particular group of patients.Moreover,parenteral nutrition solutions are expensive and their administration is associated with a number of avoidable complications(line related sepsis,immune suppressing hyperglycaemia and other metabolic abnormalities).Their use in British and Australian ICU practice has declined such that fewer than 10% of critically ill patients requiring nutritional support are fed in this manner.In contrast enteral nutrition has become more frequently used even in patients in whom it was previously thought to be contra-indicated,for example those with acute pancreatitis,a small bowel anastomosis,inflammatory bowel disease.In the last 25 years,evidence has accrued suggesting that enteral nutrition when compared with TPN is associated with an improvement in outcome-fewer infections and a reduction in mortality.This is certainly the case for three specific groups of patients-those suffering an episode of multiple trauma or a burn injury and those undergoing elective surgery for a gastrointestinal malignancy.Animal and human studies support the introduction of enteral nutrition early on in the course of the critical illness,the notion being that nutrient within the lumen of the gut reduces the likelinood of mucosal atrophy and the subsequent increases in gastrointestinal permeability.Support of the calculated or measured energy requirements is not necessarily the primary purpose of early enteral nutrition.More emphasis is placed on the low doses of nutrients stimulating mucosal blood flow and providing a source of energy locally for the enterocytes themselves.These effects maintain a healthy gastrointestinal mucosa thereby reducing the incidence of bacterial overgrowth and translocation.Nevertheless,hypo-caloric nutritional support is often the result of emphasising the enteral route.This is the case because even when using well designed feeding protocols,it may be difficult to achieve target rates of enteral feeding using nasogastric access;gastric stasis with large nasogastric aspirates(>2-3mL/kg) may delay feeding but this problem can sometimes be overcome by the prescription of prokinetics(cisapride or erythromycin).Needle jejunostomy is unpopular outside the setting of surgery for abdominal trauma or upper gastrointestinal malignancies.However,it is possible to pass a naso-jejunal tube blindly at the bedside in the majority of patients.Jejunal feeding is thought to be associated with a higher daily intake of protein and energy and a lower risk of aspiration but there are no randomised studies compating nasogastric with jejunal feeding in the critically ill.Others have suggested that a combination of parenteral and enteral nutrition should be used initially for the first few days of support so as to guarantee an adequate intake of energy and protein.As enteral feeding is established with an increasing hourly rate of administration,the parenteral nutrition is titrated downwards and withdrawn once full enteral nutritional support has been established.The disadvantages of this latter approach are firstly,it exposes the patient to the fisks of parenteral nutrition.Secondly,there is the additional cost of the parenteral nutrition and perhaps most importantly,there is no evidence to suggest that this combination feeding is any better than simple enteral nutrition on its own.Hypo-caloeic feeding may not necessarily be such a bad thing in the severely stressed,critically ill patient.Finally,there is the issue of the constituents of the feed.There is now considerable evidence that enriching the enteral feed with some specific nutrientsfor example glutamine or he combination of arginine,omega 3 fatty acids and purine nucleotides-seems to result in more effective support of the immune system in some groups of patients.Outcome studies have reported reduced infection rates and reduced length of stay in the ICU and hospital in patients fed with these immune modulating formulations compared with patients receiving an isocaloric,isonitrogenous control feed.This effect is best seen in elective surgical patients who receive the formulation before the surgical insult but critically ill patients also seem to benefit providing they absorb a certain quantity of the feed early on in their ICU stay.Not surprisingly,there appears to be a dose-response relationship so it becomes even more vital,when using these immune modulating effds in the critically ill,to establish sucessful enteral nutrition as early as possible.Presently,an Asia-Pacific initiative is underway to provide the region with a set of guidelines for the establishment of successful early enteral nutrition in the critically ill and for the use of these new immune modulating formulations.展开更多
Increasing labor costs have become a focus of concern for enterprises and governmentsince Chinas entry into the WTO. Based on recent statistics and case studies of enterprisesin Shanghai, changes in labor costs in Sha...Increasing labor costs have become a focus of concern for enterprises and governmentsince Chinas entry into the WTO. Based on recent statistics and case studies of enterprisesin Shanghai, changes in labor costs in Shanghai are examined in this paper and comparedwith other areas around Shanghai. Some factors contributing to recent increases in laborcosts in Shanghai are analyzed. It highlights that labor costs in Shanghai will continue toincrease due to the citys rapid economic development and intensive use of human capital.It points out, however, that some room still exists to reduce the labor cost, and severalpractical measures are suggested.展开更多
After the founding of New China, Sino-British economic and trade relations went throughups and downs. Since Chinas adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside,especially since the return of Hong Kong t...After the founding of New China, Sino-British economic and trade relations went throughups and downs. Since Chinas adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside,especially since the return of Hong Kong to China, bilateral economic and trade relationshave entered a new stage of sound expansion. The United Kingdom has become Chinasthird biggest trade partner in Europe while China has become the tenth biggest supplier ofBritains imported goods. The establishment of a comprehensive strategic Sino-Britishpartnership the extensive exchanges at all levels between the two countries, the obvious andgreat economic complementarities between the two countries and the smooth return of HongKong with the successful implementation of the one country, two systems policy in HongKong SAR, have opened broad prospects for the expansion of bilateral economic and traderelations between China and the U. K. However, at present, there still exist some problems,such as too small a proportion of bilateral trade in the two countries respective foreigntrade, too small an absolute amount of British investment in China, etc. With efforts by bothsides, the mutually beneficial economic and trade relations between China and the U. K. arebound to grow further in the future.展开更多
China's legislature on the environmental impact assessments contains related provisions on public participation as an important element of institutions in this field. So far, however, the stipulation remains at th...China's legislature on the environmental impact assessments contains related provisions on public participation as an important element of institutions in this field. So far, however, the stipulation remains at the level of a plain statement of principle both substantially and procedurally. The newly enacted Law on the Assessment of the Environment Impact has seen great progress in provisions for public participation if compared with similar statutes enacted in the past legislation. However, there is a gap in the procedures,展开更多
The rule of law in criminal cases is the true difficulty in the rule of law and its largest “bottleneck.” This is because it is difficult to form rational concepts and institutions with regard to crimes, criminals, ...The rule of law in criminal cases is the true difficulty in the rule of law and its largest “bottleneck.” This is because it is difficult to form rational concepts and institutions with regard to crimes, criminals, penal law and punishment and hence doubly difficult for the State or society to formulate realistic and effective penal policies. If we start from the basic constitutional position, we see that without the backing or guarantee of a constitutional doctrine or institution penal policies or even the basic discourse of the rule of law in other penal matters can have no true meaning or value. In this sense, we may say that the keyestablishment of the issue in whether the establishment of the rule of law in penal matters can successfully grasp the central and crucial issues lies in our efforts to consider the true implications or cardinal tenets of constitutionalism and in particular,展开更多
Does human history recapitulate itself?. What do recurring historical events tell us? In working through historical materials, we are always deeply moved by something seemingly familiar. These similar happenings provi...Does human history recapitulate itself?. What do recurring historical events tell us? In working through historical materials, we are always deeply moved by something seemingly familiar. These similar happenings provide constant food for thought. So we need to associate the current situation to yesterday or something not long ago gone by and find out what similarities are shared by the two. What has changed?展开更多
The fundamental antithesis of criminology in modern times is between the theories of act devaluation (violations of norms) and of consequential devaluation (violations of legal rights). This is not a debate between su...The fundamental antithesis of criminology in modern times is between the theories of act devaluation (violations of norms) and of consequential devaluation (violations of legal rights). This is not a debate between subjective and objective schools of criminological thought, but within the objective school.展开更多
基金y grant Nos. HL41786 RR02172+7 种基金 and T32 HL07572 from the National Institute of Health Bethesda Maryland the Kobren Fund Department ofCardiology Children s Hospital Boston Massachusetts.
基金the National Land and Resource Bureau Science and Technology Foundation (No. 20001020304).
文摘A new similar single-difference mathematical model (SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithmare advanced to solve the deformationof monitoring point directly in singleepoch. The method for building theSSDM is introduced in detail, and themain error sources affecting the accu-racy of deformation measurement areanalyzed briefly, and the basic algo-rithm and steps of solving the deform-ation are discussed.In order to validate the correctnessand the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with fivedual frequency receivers is carried outon a slideway which moved in plane inFeb. 2001. In the test,five sessions areobserved. The numerical results oftest data show that the advanced mod-el is correct.
文摘This paper discusses the features and relevant theories of GIS spatial data model based on hypergraph,etc.The integrated concept model based on hypergraph and object_oriented model (HOOM) is proposed by the authors.The principal contribution of this paper is that we study the K_section and other theories of hypergraph.An application example using HOOM is given at the end of the paper.
文摘This paper gives some guidelines of land use planning firstly.A framework of agriculture land use planning is designed based on land use suitability evaluation using integrated technologies of RS and GIS.Further work expected is also given.
文摘Parallel machine problems with a single server and release times are generalizations of classical parallel machine problems. Before processing, each job must be loaded on a machine, which takes a certain release times and a certain setup times. All these setups have to be done by a single server, which can handle at most one job at a time. In this paper, we continue studying the complexity result for parallel machine problem with a single and release times. New complexity results are derived for special cases.
文摘The geometric and physical analysis methods are conventional methods for the derivation of skeleton lines in the fields of cartography,digital photogrammetry,and related areas.This paper proposes a stepwise approach that uses the physical analysis method in the first stage and the geometric analysis method in the subsequent stage.The physical analysis method analyses the terrain globally to obtain a rough set of skeleton lines for a terrain surface.The rough skeleton lines help to structure the ordering of feature points by the geometric analysis method.
基金theNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (No 40 2 0 1 0 35)
文摘Segmentation and edge regulation are studied deeply to extract buildings fromDSM data produced in this paper. Building segmentation is the first step to extract buildings, anda new segmentation method-adaptive iterative segmentation considering rati-o mean square-is proposedto extract the contour of buildings effectively. A sub-image (such as 50X50 pixels) of the image isprocessed in sequence, the average gray level and its ratio mean square are calculated first, thenthreshold of the sub-image is selected by using iterative threshold segmentation. The current pixelis segmented according to the threshold, the average gray level and the ratio mean square of thesub-image. The edge points of the building are grouped according to the azimuth of neighbor points,and then the optimal azimuth of the points that belong to the same group can be calculated by usingline interpolation.
文摘Texture extract from digital aerial image is widely used in three-dimensional city modeling to generate “photo-realistic” views. In this paper, a method based on reforming “Steep edge” curve, which clearly explains how the diffraction of the sunlight makes digital aerial image blurring, is proposed to deblur the texture extraction from digital aerial image, and the experiment shows a good result in visualization and automation.
文摘The international arbitration, as a kind of the methods to resolve the disputes in the international society,is flourished in recent years. On the basis of the international arbitration's features, the jurisdiction to relevant to the political issues is omission in the session of the disputes. Increasing of the disputes express to the globalization of the economy in the world. Not only do the position of the arbitration and the parties of the cases come from the region, but also the Europe as the traditional arbitration center,replaced by the Pacific/Asia region. The reason of the trend developing for the international arbitration results from the international arbitration's feature--- the forum is neutral, treaty ensures enforcement abroad and no appeal, limited discover. Less time consuming, greater degree of the voluntary compli-ance, procedure is less costly and the result are more predictable.
文摘Nutritional support is an essential part of the management of anycritically ill patient,Severe muscle wasting and immune suppression are prominent features of critical illness and are difficult to prevent.The introduction of parenteral nutrition and hyperalimentation in the 1970s was initially thought to be an effective solution to this problem.However,there is little evidence of any improvement in outcome associated iwth the use of conventional parenteral nutrition in this particular group of patients.Moreover,parenteral nutrition solutions are expensive and their administration is associated with a number of avoidable complications(line related sepsis,immune suppressing hyperglycaemia and other metabolic abnormalities).Their use in British and Australian ICU practice has declined such that fewer than 10% of critically ill patients requiring nutritional support are fed in this manner.In contrast enteral nutrition has become more frequently used even in patients in whom it was previously thought to be contra-indicated,for example those with acute pancreatitis,a small bowel anastomosis,inflammatory bowel disease.In the last 25 years,evidence has accrued suggesting that enteral nutrition when compared with TPN is associated with an improvement in outcome-fewer infections and a reduction in mortality.This is certainly the case for three specific groups of patients-those suffering an episode of multiple trauma or a burn injury and those undergoing elective surgery for a gastrointestinal malignancy.Animal and human studies support the introduction of enteral nutrition early on in the course of the critical illness,the notion being that nutrient within the lumen of the gut reduces the likelinood of mucosal atrophy and the subsequent increases in gastrointestinal permeability.Support of the calculated or measured energy requirements is not necessarily the primary purpose of early enteral nutrition.More emphasis is placed on the low doses of nutrients stimulating mucosal blood flow and providing a source of energy locally for the enterocytes themselves.These effects maintain a healthy gastrointestinal mucosa thereby reducing the incidence of bacterial overgrowth and translocation.Nevertheless,hypo-caloric nutritional support is often the result of emphasising the enteral route.This is the case because even when using well designed feeding protocols,it may be difficult to achieve target rates of enteral feeding using nasogastric access;gastric stasis with large nasogastric aspirates(>2-3mL/kg) may delay feeding but this problem can sometimes be overcome by the prescription of prokinetics(cisapride or erythromycin).Needle jejunostomy is unpopular outside the setting of surgery for abdominal trauma or upper gastrointestinal malignancies.However,it is possible to pass a naso-jejunal tube blindly at the bedside in the majority of patients.Jejunal feeding is thought to be associated with a higher daily intake of protein and energy and a lower risk of aspiration but there are no randomised studies compating nasogastric with jejunal feeding in the critically ill.Others have suggested that a combination of parenteral and enteral nutrition should be used initially for the first few days of support so as to guarantee an adequate intake of energy and protein.As enteral feeding is established with an increasing hourly rate of administration,the parenteral nutrition is titrated downwards and withdrawn once full enteral nutritional support has been established.The disadvantages of this latter approach are firstly,it exposes the patient to the fisks of parenteral nutrition.Secondly,there is the additional cost of the parenteral nutrition and perhaps most importantly,there is no evidence to suggest that this combination feeding is any better than simple enteral nutrition on its own.Hypo-caloeic feeding may not necessarily be such a bad thing in the severely stressed,critically ill patient.Finally,there is the issue of the constituents of the feed.There is now considerable evidence that enriching the enteral feed with some specific nutrientsfor example glutamine or he combination of arginine,omega 3 fatty acids and purine nucleotides-seems to result in more effective support of the immune system in some groups of patients.Outcome studies have reported reduced infection rates and reduced length of stay in the ICU and hospital in patients fed with these immune modulating formulations compared with patients receiving an isocaloric,isonitrogenous control feed.This effect is best seen in elective surgical patients who receive the formulation before the surgical insult but critically ill patients also seem to benefit providing they absorb a certain quantity of the feed early on in their ICU stay.Not surprisingly,there appears to be a dose-response relationship so it becomes even more vital,when using these immune modulating effds in the critically ill,to establish sucessful enteral nutrition as early as possible.Presently,an Asia-Pacific initiative is underway to provide the region with a set of guidelines for the establishment of successful early enteral nutrition in the critically ill and for the use of these new immune modulating formulations.
文摘Increasing labor costs have become a focus of concern for enterprises and governmentsince Chinas entry into the WTO. Based on recent statistics and case studies of enterprisesin Shanghai, changes in labor costs in Shanghai are examined in this paper and comparedwith other areas around Shanghai. Some factors contributing to recent increases in laborcosts in Shanghai are analyzed. It highlights that labor costs in Shanghai will continue toincrease due to the citys rapid economic development and intensive use of human capital.It points out, however, that some room still exists to reduce the labor cost, and severalpractical measures are suggested.
文摘After the founding of New China, Sino-British economic and trade relations went throughups and downs. Since Chinas adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside,especially since the return of Hong Kong to China, bilateral economic and trade relationshave entered a new stage of sound expansion. The United Kingdom has become Chinasthird biggest trade partner in Europe while China has become the tenth biggest supplier ofBritains imported goods. The establishment of a comprehensive strategic Sino-Britishpartnership the extensive exchanges at all levels between the two countries, the obvious andgreat economic complementarities between the two countries and the smooth return of HongKong with the successful implementation of the one country, two systems policy in HongKong SAR, have opened broad prospects for the expansion of bilateral economic and traderelations between China and the U. K. However, at present, there still exist some problems,such as too small a proportion of bilateral trade in the two countries respective foreigntrade, too small an absolute amount of British investment in China, etc. With efforts by bothsides, the mutually beneficial economic and trade relations between China and the U. K. arebound to grow further in the future.
文摘China's legislature on the environmental impact assessments contains related provisions on public participation as an important element of institutions in this field. So far, however, the stipulation remains at the level of a plain statement of principle both substantially and procedurally. The newly enacted Law on the Assessment of the Environment Impact has seen great progress in provisions for public participation if compared with similar statutes enacted in the past legislation. However, there is a gap in the procedures,
文摘The rule of law in criminal cases is the true difficulty in the rule of law and its largest “bottleneck.” This is because it is difficult to form rational concepts and institutions with regard to crimes, criminals, penal law and punishment and hence doubly difficult for the State or society to formulate realistic and effective penal policies. If we start from the basic constitutional position, we see that without the backing or guarantee of a constitutional doctrine or institution penal policies or even the basic discourse of the rule of law in other penal matters can have no true meaning or value. In this sense, we may say that the keyestablishment of the issue in whether the establishment of the rule of law in penal matters can successfully grasp the central and crucial issues lies in our efforts to consider the true implications or cardinal tenets of constitutionalism and in particular,
文摘Does human history recapitulate itself?. What do recurring historical events tell us? In working through historical materials, we are always deeply moved by something seemingly familiar. These similar happenings provide constant food for thought. So we need to associate the current situation to yesterday or something not long ago gone by and find out what similarities are shared by the two. What has changed?
文摘The fundamental antithesis of criminology in modern times is between the theories of act devaluation (violations of norms) and of consequential devaluation (violations of legal rights). This is not a debate between subjective and objective schools of criminological thought, but within the objective school.
